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Question	Answer
How we in the justice field may inherit values?	-Particular to people who work in the justice field. -To survive in the field and to achieve acceptance by peers. -Police officer cannot operate by himself.
Explain notion of subculture in policing and corrections?	-Tendency to "buy in" into subculture -"bonding " will develop
Explain notion of De-individuation?	-Pressure executed by the group and people lost the ability to regulate their individual behavior? EXAMPLES -A confession -Knowing yet not knowing "code of silence"
Explain Moral Philosophy?	One of several different philosophical discipline that searches for knowledge and meaning in of human behaviors and morality?
What is the concept of philosophizing?	When you search for truth and meaning regarding important questions you have in society issues.
Explain potential dangers of gullibility and mindlessness?	Merely choosing to go along with the crowd or merely accepting the status quo is to do ourselves a disservice. Its dangerous because it led us in dangerous paths and end regretting our gullibility. Mindlessness is merely accepting of influential views. We owe it to ourselves to develop a critical mind and refuse to except things at face value
Explain Dr. Martin Luther King's ideas about good laws and bad laws?	He argued that its ethical to obey good laws and unethical to obey bad laws-that is bad laws should be disobeyed. He suggests simply that the concept of civil disobedience and the issues of peace officers enforcing bad laws need to be faced.
What is the difference between ethics and morals?	Ethics is the study of morals and morality (whats right or wrong) Morals is human behavior how individuals relate to each other and their environment.
Explain the term Moral Dilemma?	A moral dilemma is when were faced with a tricky decision about a complex problem.The problem is one that does not have a self-evident answer in terms of what we should do about it. We seem puzzled or confused we don't know what to do in the situation. They're might not seem to be a right answer.
Explain what we might mean by the term a wise person?	Generally, truly great people do not seek to become great;they have greatness thrown upon us. It as though greatness chooses them, not the other way around. Seek to be honest, open minded, cautious about the truth, and humble as you search for knowledge and meaning, and wisdom will find you.
What is libertarianism ?	Making the assumption that we have free will to make our personal choices and based on the choices we make, we should be praised or blamed.
What is Determinism?	We have no control over the process.
Explain utilitarianism and identify two major writers who developed the concept?	A decision made or an action taken by an individual or a state is justified or not justified in its consequences. Also known as the principle of benefit maximization. For the greater good less pain and the world becomes a better place. The principle was formed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham.
Explain the principle of equal respect?	The principle exhorts to treat each other with equal respect and requires that we should all be considered equal before the law and that, purely and simply on account of human being we have intrinsic worth.
The principle of equal respect?	(3) BASIC IDEAS 1. We treat people as an ends ranther than a means (IE)- we're morally obligated to consider the welfare of all people. 2. We accept that all humans are free and rational moral agents. 3. No matter how people differ, as moral agents they are of equal value and are owned by basic human rights.
List and explain some ideas about justice developed by Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Hobbes, Kant and Sartre?	See below
Plato (the Republic)	1. Arguments and points of you are put forward. 2. Interested in the place of justice in society. 3. Main injustice, the gap and conflict between rich and poor.
Socrates	1. his method of teaching is something you may experience.
Aristotle	Aristotelian logic- rules of argument or of applying correct reasoning and made valid inferences--EXAMPLE 1. Socrates is a man 2. All man is mortal 3. Therefore Socrates is mortal
Thomas Hobbs	1. Social Contract- how we think of our systems of government and justice. 2.Hobbs main work- Leviathan developed system 3.Ethical-egoism refers to the notion that people should act out of their own interests
Emmanuel Kent	1. His work- Foundations of the Metaphysics or morals Categorical Imperative. 2. Idea of moral obligation-works public for good.
Jean-Paul Sarte	1. He was referred to as "EXISTENTIALIST" 2. He wrote about the human experience, human freedom and being responsible for our actions.
Explain Plato's idea that how we behave is closely linked to the thinking we do about our behavior.	The kind of people we are, and the kinds of behaviors we engage in and how they affect others.
Explain Socrates ideas about teaching (called the Socrates method)?	Its simply refers to the free and open discussion of ideas, and this, was the only way to achieve knowledge and enlightenment.
Explains Aristotle's contribution to philosophical thought in terms of his ideas about logic?	1. Logic simply refers to rules of argument or of applying correct reasoning and valid reasoning. 2. The argument of "syllogism" - every event has a cause -Every human choice or action is an event -Therefore, every human choice or action is caused.
Explain what Hobbs meant by Social Contract?	Social contract refers to the rules of justice, how they came about, and how we should respond to them.
Explain what Kant meant by the categorical imperative?	Morality requires us to treat all human beings as ends in themselves and never as means to an end. " Do unto others what you would have them do unto you"
Explain Sartre's view that "man is condemned to be free"?	Our choices and their consequences affect not only ourselves and those close to us but also conceivably the entire world.
Explain what we mean by teaching ethics?	Any teacher who teaches ethics, in the strictest sense of the term, would presumably have to be an ethics expert in the sense that she would have to know the right answer to all kinds of moral dilemmas, including dilemmas faced by you and me as individuals.
Explain what the purpose of ethics education might be?	1. To know about police and corrections officers roles should be upfront. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the job 3.Risks of not being honest about all aspects of the job outweigh those of being honest.
Identify reasons for including ethics education in curricula?	1. They serve as a catalyst for examining some of the various perspective on ethics education. 2. To raise the level of awareness about ethical issues. 3. Opinions are split
Explain what is meant by advice-giving by a teacher?	Advice-giving about the rules and expectations of a particular work place by teachers,however, as important as it is, is not the same as teachers telling you how you should respond to ethical dilemmas you encounter in the course of your job.
Identify in what situations should advice giving may be appropriate?	In training new recruits
Explain the collaborative approach to ethics education?	A teacher being both a teacher and a learner and the student also being both a teacher and a learner.
Identify and explain some dangers with respect to the role of the ethics educator?	1. The worry about indoctrination 2. Should an ethics educator "come clean" about her values (distinct danger of influence) 3. Participants tend to struggle for a reasonable and defensible response. 4. Students are influenced by accident.
Describe the notion of teacher influence?	1. Teacher is older 2. Respect for teacher 3. Liking teacher can influence students thinking.
Explain why the teacher-student dynamic is a particularly awkward one in the context of ethics education?	Because of the natural propensity of students to see teachers of any subject as experts.
Identify at least one reason why students sometimes do not trust a teachers invitation for them to think critically and independently?	The idea that the educational process should be one that requires the teacher, as expert, to provide facts and information to the student, in order to be successful , to simply regurgitate this material in examinations or papers.
Identify four characteristics of critical thinkers?	1. tend not to jump to conclusions. 2. examine the credibility of the evidence presented. 3. are humble and fair minded 4. courageously face up to, and to incorporate into their thinking, alternative points of view if, after examination, these appear to be credible.
Explain the significance of including a discussion of subculture in a book about ethics?	Because the sub culture can be different in different fields. An open mind needs to be used to understand the sub culture in its context.
Explain what we mean by the terms subculture and sub culture restraints?	Sub culture- A subdivision of a natural culture or an enclave within it with a distinct integrated network or behavior, beliefs or attitudes. Sub culture restraints- a sub culture is generally characterized by expectations that the group has regarding the behavior of its members
List six norms that characterize police and correctional officer subculture?	1. The potential for physical danger 2. Hostility directed at officers by inmates their families and often the public. 3. Unreasonable demands on correctional officers vacillating political views. 4. A tedious and unrewarding work environment. 5. The dependence officers place on one another. 6. The reality that one cannot always expect to act the way either one would chose to, or what the public might expect them to.
Identify two or more significant norms in police and corrections officers sub culture?	1. The presence of danger 2. The loyalty Norm- No ratting
Explain why police and corrections sub culture norms may be more compelling on officers than sub culture norms in most other work places?	Officers are reliant on each other to be safe from danger and being part of a group.
Explain why it may be risky for police and corrections officers to talk openly about the group norms that govern their conduct?	Their can be social isolation for a colleagues if your labeled a rat.
Identify (3) key ideas that practitioners have about officer subculture and sub culture constraints?	1.The sub culture as an unwritten but organized set of values that are communicated through the staff. 2. The "code" is often thought of as having a strong influence on the behavior of officers. 3. Its a force that has the potential to make a "major impact on the judgement of officers"
Explain why sub cultural restraints may make it difficult for officers to make autonomous moral decisions at work?	If you choose as an officer not to conform, you would be brought under a significant amount of social control with a very brief time.
Explain the terms loyalty and solidarity in the context of a criminal justice sub culture?	It's presenting a united, mutually protecting front against a common "enemy".
Explain why there may be a link between officer and offender sub culture?	The link may be 1. Shared values 2. Solidarity 3. more shared values 4. Share perceived enemy "us vs. them"
Identify one reason why some officers may take a moral stand on certain issues and be ostracized by their colleagues?	"unethical practices" The moral stand comes when an officer crosses the line.
Explain why members of a sub culture need to identify common "enemies" and what effect this has on the group?	They must have a common enemy which will make the group and sub culture more solid. Enemies can be criminals, administrators or the public.
Explain how sub culture pressures can sometimes affect the choices officers make?	The pressure to conform is a very powerful pressure. If you don't conform or not make the right choice you will not be part of the group. You won't have anybody protecting you in your time of need or you will be ostracized.
Explain William Tafoya's concept of the vortex?	He expresses something amounting to in credulity that an otherwise good and intelligent officer would feel compelled to lie.
Explain how the roots of officer wrongdoing may reside in allegiance to the solidarity norm?	Because it resides in the sub culture. Officers know what is right and wrong but in order to be part of the sub culture you have to conform to the rules of the sub culture to be accepted. Ethics education will help in the moral dilemmas of officers.
Identify two possible ways in which an officers moral choices can adversely affect his sense of personal and professional well being?	1. He will not receive backup or support 2. Will take sub culture beliefs and use them in personal life. Will be confused on whats right or wrong.
Explain the dilemmas are usually complex?	1. Officers thinking to cope with dilemmas in their lives by regarding loyalty to and solidarity with colleagues as the "preeminent" value in their personal lives. 2. Officers mentally and emotionally suspending the morality they operate in their private lives. In other words they can rationalize allowing themselves to be governed by a different somewhat questionable, morality on the job.
Explain why it is that however we respond to some dilemmas, we will feel that we are in a no win situation?	On one hand, you can choose to stay solid, to be a "stand up cop" and continue to earn acceptance, loyalty, and support of your colleagues. On the other hand, you can choose to act according to the dictates of your conscience if it leads you in another direction and run the risk of losing the acceptance, loyalty and support of your colleagues.
Explain what is meant by by the phrase "the choice really may be one between self respect and colleague respect?	It comes down to doing the right by morals or continue to make the decision of colleague respect where loyalty and acceptance is first?
Identify (2) ideas that some officers have expressed that may help to explain how some officers deal with dilemmas they experienced on the job?	1. Deciding that loyalty and solidarity is the "Preeminent" value in their professional lives and decide to to abide by this being the ultimate morality. or 2. Or justifying "suspending" the morality they operate by in their private lives.
Identify the tools that may help our decision making when we are faced with a moral dilemma?	1. The bell- " are any warning bells going off" 2. The book- Is it against laws, regulation, code of ethics or any other written guidance. 3. The Candle- how does the decision make you look if you were exposed to the light of day as it were to public scrutiny.
Explain why there may be a gender difference with respect to individual officers setting limits?	1. Females set limits because their extension of nature. 2. Females will use the rules of decency on the street as they do in their private lives. 3. Females tend to be more aware of ethical boundaries when conducting their duties.
Explain what is meant by setting limits?	Setting limits and making them known to colleagues can, cause a colleague who might be contemplating responding unethically to a given situation to have second thoughts about doing it in your presence.
Explain the principles of benefit maximization and equal respect?	Benefit maximization is more problematic because it can be used for the purpose of rationalizing decisions and behaviors which we suspect is wrong. Equal respect we would concentrate more on the appropriateness of considering all individuals as being worthy of equal treatment simply because their human. Due process has roots in equal respect.
Explain what we mean by the imaginary video camera?	Its the extension of the candle. Do not do anything unethical imagine that you are being recorded
Explain the general Idea of Critical Thinking?	Its a specific tool that uses a general approach to problem solving as we struggle with our moral dilemmas. It refrain us from taking an idea or point of view at face value, that we should examine it carefully before making a personal judgement on it.
Explain what we mean by critical in critical thinking?	Thinking thoroughly when deciding on major decisions. Weighing all options.
Identify Five elements of critical thinking?	1.We will resist to jump to conclusions. 2. Think for ourselves 3. Having the courage to subject our own views and ideas to scrutiny by ourselves and others. 4. We will refrain from accepting blindly any point of view or ideas by others even by expert. 5. Use and demonstrate skills of reasoning which will include weighting out trust, evidence and disregard hearsay and think logically.
Explain how thinking about moral stages may help our moral decision making?	It will place you in a category of moral stages 1-6. This will assist you in knowing where your at in your thinking. It will make you aware of what stage your are in at the time which will assist you in determining which way you need to good in the stages to make a good moral decision.

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