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Level 3 Organics Revision

Millie Aitken Chemistry English 4.0Average rating 4.0 out of 5 (1 rating) 64 cards

Level 3 Organics Revision

Cards in this deck (64)

  1. 1—Double Bond
    Alkene
    - ene    Double Bond Alkene - ene
  2. 2—Hydroxyl Group
    Alcohol
    - anol    Hydroxyl Group Alcohol - anol
  3. 3—Carboxyl Group
    Carboxylic Acid
    - anoic acid    Carboxyl Group Carboxylic Acid - anoic acid
  4. 4—Ester
    Esters
    - oate    Ester Esters - oate
  5. 5—Chloroalkane group
    Haloalkane
    - chloroalkane or - bromoalkane    Chloroalkane group Haloalkane - chloroalkane or - bromoalkane
  6. 6—Carbonyl group
    Ketone
    - anone    Carbonyl group Ketone - anone
  7. 7—Aldehyde Group
    Aldehyde
    - anal    Aldehyde Group Aldehyde - anal
  8. 8—Amino group
    Amide
    - amide    Amino group Amide - amide
  9. 9—Acyl chloride group
    Acyl chloride
    - oyl chloride    Acyl chloride group Acyl chloride - oyl chloride
  10. 10—Amino group
    Amine
    - amine    Amino group Amine - amine
  11. 11Alkenes: + MnO4- --> + H2O/H2SO4 --> + H2 Ni Catalyst --> + HBr --> + Br2Forms:
    Diol
    Alcohol (Markovnikov's addition)
    Alkane
    Haloalkane (Markovnikov's addition)
    Di-haloalkane (Makrovnikov's addition)
  12. 12Haloalkanes: + Alcoholic KOHForms:
    Alkene (Saytzeff's elimination)
  13. 13Alkanes: + steam cracking + Br2 U.V. lightForms:
    Alkene
    Haloalkane (forms Br" radical)
  14. 14Haloalkanes: + Alcoholic NH3Forms:
    Amine (Nucleophilic Substitution)
  15. 15Amines: + di-amine + di-acid + acyl chlorideForms:
    Artificial Polyamide (Nylon)
    Natural Polyamide (Protein)
    Secondary Amide
  16. 16Alcohols: + Conc. H2SO4 + diols/carboxyllic acids and condensationForms:
    Alkenes (Sayteff's elimination)
    Polyesters
  17. 17Secondary Alcohol: + H+/Cr2O72- and heatForms:
    Ketone (oxidation)
  18. 18Ketones: + Na BH4 + OH-Forms:
    Secondary Alcohols (reduction)
  19. 19Sugars: Undergo fermentation to form...Alcohols
  20. 20Primary Alcohols: + H+/Cr2O72- and HeatForms:
    Aldehydes (oxidation)
  21. 21Aldehydes: + Na BH4 + H+/Cr2O72- and Heat refluxForms:
    Primary alcohols (reduction)
    Carboxylic acids (oxidation)
  22. 22Carboxylic acids: + Metals/carbonates/bases + Alcoholic H2SO4 +SOCl2 or PCl3Forms:
    Salts
    Esters (condensation)
    Acyl Chlorides (substitution)
  23. 23Acyl Chlorides: + H20 (vigorous reaction) + Alcohol + Alcoholic NH3 + AmineForms:
    Carboxylis acids (substitution)
    Esters (condensation)
    Primary Amides (substitution)
    Secondary Amides
  24. 24Geometrical isomers occur in _____ and are different in terms of ______. They form ____ and ____ isomers.Occur in alkenes
    Different in terms of 3D shape
    Form cis and trans isomers
  25. 25Structural isomers: They are the rearrangement of ___________________________________________________________________.They are a rearrangement of the physical atoms in different places.
  26. 26Optical isomers (enantiomers): The molecule needs a ________________ and it reflects _____________________________________________________________.The molecule needs a chiral carbon and it reflects plane polarised light in opposite directions.
  27. 27Markovnikov's rule: What is it? What type of reactions does it work for? What type of compounds does it not occur for?-'The rich get richer'
    -Addition rections - addition of various things to the double bonds in an assymetric compound
    - Does not occur in symmetric compounds
  28. 28ElectrophileSomething that 'likes' electrons = is attracter to a - change
  29. 29NucleophileSomething that 'likes' the nucleus and is attracted to the + change
  30. 30Saytzeff's rule:'The poor get poorer'
    Works in the opposite direction to Markovnikov's rule
  31. 31Alkanes: Preparation Combustion Substitution Melting/boiling points- readily ungergo both depending on )2 availability
    - Hydrogenation of alkenes H2/Ni catalyst + heat
    - Cracking to split a long chain into smaller
    - C1-C4 Gases
    - C5-C16 Liquids
    C17+ Solids
  32. 32Alkenes: Combustion Preparation Melting/Boiling points- Incomplete is more common
    - Cracking of alkanes (smaller ones as they don't occur naturally)
    - Dehydration of alcohols (Conc. H2SO4)
    - Elimination of halogens from haloalkanes (Aloholic OH-)
    - Similar to alkanes
  33. 33Alkynes: Combustion Preparation (Acetylene = ehtyne)- Simple ones are too reactive to be found in nature
    - Calcium carbride + Water
    - Burns with luminous/smokey flame
    - Burns with very hot flame (excess O2 present)
  34. 34Alcohols: Classification and how each class reactsPrimary - oxidised to form an aldehyde then again to form carboxylic acid
    Secondary - Oxidised to form ketone
    Tertiary - no reaction
  35. 35Alcohols: Melting/boiling points- Higher than other hydrocarbons because of H bonding between -OH groups strengthens intermolecular forces between molecules
    - C1-C4 - Soluable in water (can establish H bond with neighbouring water molecule)
    - C1-C8 - liquids at room temp
  36. 36Alcohols: Isomerism - what type of isomers can sometimes occur? Why?- Optical isomers (enantiomers) can sometimes occur
    - The central assymetric carbon is bonded to four different groups (chiral carbon)
  37. 37Alcohols: Preparation- Addition of H2O using H+/H2SO4 as a catalyst (Markovnikov)
    - Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes using aqueous OH-
    - More reactive tertiary haloalkanes + water form tertiary alcohols
    - Reduction of aldehydes of ketones
  38. 38Alcohols: CombustionBurns readily with non-smokey flame to form Co2 + H2O
  39. 39Why can't you smell Ethanol gas?- Strong forces (Hydrogen bonds / Intermolecular forces)
    - Turns into gas --> looking at boiling point
    - When the water is boiling, ethanol boils at 20 degrees and boils off --> vapourises and can't smell it
    - Such low boiling point you must seperate it (reflux)
  40. 40Primary Alcohols undergo ___________ reactions with just about any _____________________.Undergo oxidation reactions with just about any oxidising agents.
  41. 41Ethanol -(H+/MnO4-)->Ethanal -(H+/MnO4- reflux)-> Ethanoic acid
    Aldehyde to carboxylic acid is easily oxidised
  42. 42What has happened if a reaction of ethanol with permanganate does not produce a carboxylic acid?The boiling point of the aldehyde may be too high and therefore the aldehyde vapourised
    OR
    reflux is used to avoid the second reaction.
  43. 43Secondary alcohol reaction: Propan-2-ol -(H+/MnO4-)->Propanone
  44. 44Tertiary alcohols only oxidise if you ______________________ however the molecule falls apart => cannot be oxidised.boil the heck out of them
  45. 45Markovnikov and Saytzeff's rules produce _______ products ___% of the time and _________ products __% of the time.Major products 70%
    Minor products 30%
  46. 46Saytzeff's rule can only occur from the ___________ products of Markovnikov's rule.Major product
  47. 47Acyl Chlorides: Preparation What type of reactions do acyl chlorides undergo compared to carboxylic acids?- Formed by nucleophilic substitution of carboxylic acids by PCL3, PCL5 + SOCl2.
    - Same reactions as carboxylic acids but because they are more reactive, they react faster and further without a catalyst.
  48. 48Acyl chlorides: Reactions -with water - with ammonia - with amines - with alcohols- very vigorous to form carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride gas
    - readily reacts to form amide and ammonium salt
    - readily reacts with primary amines to form secondary amides and ammonium chloride salt
    - readily react to form an ester and hydrogen chloride
  49. 49Esters: - Why are they not formed via elimination? - Preparation- Because a double bond is not formed.
    - Esterfication/condensation
  50. 50Carboxylic acid and alcohol react in equilibrium to form ___________ when ____________ is used as a catalyst and a reflux is used?Ester
    H2SO4
  51. 51What type of smell foes an ester have and what is it commonly used in?Fruity
    Artificial scents and industrial solvents
  52. 52How are polymers formed?Addition reaction --> double bond breaks and forms unpaired electrons
  53. 53Hydrogen Bonding: It is the strength of _______ and ___________________ interactions between molecules.Temporary and permanent dipole interactions
  54. 54Hydrogen Bonding: Some compounds have ______________ forces that are much stronger than ordinary ______________ forces.Intermolecular forces
  55. 55How do you identify an alkene?- K+/MnO4- will form a diol (purple to colourless)
    - Br2 water decolourises rapidly proving a double bond
  56. 56How do you identify an alkyne?Baeyer's reagent - K+/MnO4- changes from purple to brown
  57. 57How do you identify an alcohol?- Add a few drops of acetyl chloride to the unknown and an alcohol will produce heat/HCl gas OR a ppt.
  58. 58How do you identify an aldehyde?-Add benedict's solution = a red/yellow/yellow-green solution should form if aldehyde present.
    - Add a few drops of tollens reagent = a silver/blck ppt. should form
  59. 59How do you identify an amine?Add a few drops NaOH and an oily layer of the amine on top should form if present.
  60. 60How do you identify a carboxylic acid?Add a few drops of Ethanolic silver nitrate to produce solid silver carboxylate salt which should then redissolve in dilute nitric acid.
  61. 61—Cis-pent-e-ene
    Trans-pent-2-ene    Cis-pent-e-ene Trans-pent-2-ene
  62. 62—Propanol
    Propan-2-ol
    Propan-2-ether    Propanol Propan-2-ol Propan-2-ether
  63. 63—Optical Isomerism
    (Enantiomers)    Optical Isomerism (Enantiomers)
  64. 64Nucleophilic SubstitutionA nucleophile replaces another one on an atom.

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Entire Organics Paper revision flashcards
Created by
Millie Aitken
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