2629446
Description
Flashcards by kerryrandfield, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by kerryrandfield
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| SYMBIOSIS | a coevolved intimate relationship between members of two different species |
| PARASITISM | symbiotic relationship in which one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of another (host) eg - tapeworm in human |
| MUTUALISM | symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit eg - cellulose digesting bacteria living in the guts of herbivores |
| TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES | > direct contact - jumping or crawling from host to host > through resistant stages - periods in which parasites can remain dormant but viable without a host > vector - use of other organisms to carry parasite (eg mosquito as carrier of human malarial parasite) |
| PRIMARY HOST | where parasite carries out the sexual stage of its reproduction |
| SECONDARY HOST | used to complete the parasite's life cycle |
| EVIDENCE OF MUTUALISM IN CHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRIA | chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from different types of small, prokaryotic cells that became residents in larger anaerobic cells. Mutualism - smaller residents gain security and larger hosts can produce much larger energy output |
| ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL HIERARCHY | > most powerful animals pass their genes on to next generation > experienced leadership guaranteed > aggression between members becomes ritualised and fighting is kept to a minimum so injury is avoided |
| ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE HUNTING | > larger prey can be tackled > increase is hunting success rate > more food for all individuals that hunting alone |
| ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL DEFENECE MECHANISMS | > increased vigilance - more eyes to spot > safety in numbers - proportionally less chance of being caught > possible for a group to fight off a predator > fast moving groups can confuse predators making it hard to spot an individual |
| ALTRUISM | when an animal acts in a way that will decrease its own survival chances but improves the chances of another |
| RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM | altruism in which there is a very real prospect of the favour being returned |
| KIN SELECTION | when an individual performs an altruistic act to help a close relative - and therefore its own genes |
| KEYSTONE SPECIES | species which have a particularly important impact on their ecosystem (eg bees) |
| EXTINCTION | the complete demise of a group of organisms |
| GENETIC DIVERSITY | results from genetic variation shown by NUMBER and FREQUENCY of alleles |
| SPECIES DIVERSITY | > species richness - number of different species > relative abundance - proportion on each species |
| HABITAT ISLAND/FRAGMENT | an area containing a specific ecosystem surrounded by an unlike ecosystem |
| HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECTING BIODIVERISTY | > overharvesting or animals and plants > destruction of habitats > expansion of species across the world > islandisation / fragmentation >pollution |
| INTRODUCED SPECIES | non native species in new geographical locations |
| INDIGENOUS SPECIES | species native to a particular ecosystem |
| NATURALISED SPECIES | non native species established itself in communities |
| INVASIVE SPECIES | a naturalised species which can outcompete native species |
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