2694792
Description
Flashcards by Emily England, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emily England
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Where is bile produced and stored? | Bile is produced in the liver (here, it neutralises stomach acids) Then stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine. |
| What are the three digestive enzymes, where are they produced and what do they do? | Amylase - breaks down starch into glucose & produced in the slavery glands, pancreas and the small intestine. Protease - Breaks down proteins into amino acids & produced in the pancreas, small intestine and stomach. Lipase - breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol & produced in the pancreas and small intestine. |
| Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid? | It kills bacteria and gives the right PH level for protease to work |
| What 3 things do plant cells have that animal cells don't? | Cell wall Permanent Vacuole Chloroplasts |
| where is the genetic material found in bacteria cells? Why? | The cytoplasm because it doesn't have a nucleus. |
| How is the sperm cell adapted for swimming to the egg cell? | It has; Streamlined head Long tail packed with mitochondria for energy |
| What is an organ? | A group of different tissues that work together to carry out a specific function |
| What do both animal and plant cells contain? | Cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes nucleus cytroplasm |
| How s a palisade leaf cell adapted for photosynthesis? | It has; thin shape Packed with chloroplasts Tall shape |
| Why is glucose turned into starch in plants? | Glucose is insoluble & doesn't absorb water like starch. |
| The functions of proteins in living cells? | Proteins act as; catalysts hormones antibodies structural components of tissues |
| Why a enzyme-catalysed reaction stops at a certain temperature? | It stops at a certain temperature because if it goes above 37 degrees the bond holding the enzyme together breaks which denatures the enzyme. |
| Where is the genetic material found in plants, animals and yeast cells? | The nucleus |
| What is the green substance in leaves? | chlorophyll which is in the chloroplasts. |
| what tissues are leaves made out of? | Xylem phloem mesophyll epidermal |
| what are the plant organs? | Roots Stem Leaves |
| Why is it important a plant is at the correct temperature? | Too hot (over 45 degrees) and the enzyme denatures Too cold and the enzyme works slowly |
| what is a tissue? | A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. |
| What substances can diffuse through the cell membrane? What substances can't? | substances that can; amino acids oxygen water glucose Substances that can't; starch & proteins |
| What is diffusion? | Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low oncentration |
| What is a catalyst? | a substance which speeds up a reaction without being used up or changed. |
| what is the equation for photosynthesis? | Carbon Dioxide + water ---> glucose + oxygen |
| how is glucose used in plants? | Respiration Making cellulose for cell walls Making proteins Making Seeds Turning into starch |
| What s a habitat? | Where an organism lives |
| What are the organ systems in the human body? | Digestive system Nervous system Respiratory system reproductive system |
| What are organ systems? | A group of organs that work together to carry out a certain function |
| What are he environmental factors that effects where an organism lives? | Temperature water carbon dioxide light intensity nutrients oxygen |
| What tissues are in the human stomach and animals? | Muscular tissues glandular tissue epithelial tissue |
| How do you use quadrats to find out how common an organism is? | 1) Randomly place quadrat in 1st sample area 2) Count all organisms in quadrat 3) Repeat 1 to 2 multiply times 4) Work out the mean 5) Repeat 1 to 4 on 2nd sample area 6) Compare mean results |
| What do guard cells do? | Open and close stomata on leaves depending on light allowing gas exchanges and it controls water loss |
| What do enzymes do? | reduces need for high temperatures therefore only speeding up the useful reactions. |
| What is the digestive system made up of? | Liver small intestine large intestine stomach salivary gland pancreas |
| How do you carry out a transect study to find out the distribution of an organism? | 1) Mark out line in sample area 2) Count organisms along the line |
| What does the epithelial tissue do? | It covers the some parts of the body. |
| Egg Cell | Carries female DNA Nourishes the embryo Carries food reserves for embryo |
| What does the glandular tissue do? | Produces substances such as; Enzymes Hormones |
| What is photosynthesis? | When a plant absorbs sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. |
| What does the muscular tissue do? | Contracts the muscles bring about movement |
| What are the limiting factors for photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide Light intensity temperature |
| Advantages of farmers using greenhouses? | Artificial lights - photosynthesis can continue beyond daylight Artificial heater - increase the rate of photosynthesis Paraffin lamps - produce heat, light and carbon dioxide which will increase the rate of photosynthesis. |
| What do yeast cells contain? | Nucleus cell membrane cell wall cytroplasms |
| what are quadrats + transects used to study? | Quadrats - population size Transects - distribution of an organism |
| Red blood cells | Carries oxygen around the body Packed with haemoglobin have no nucleus large surface area for absorbing oxygen |
| How do you work out the population size using quadrats? | 1) find the mean number of organisms 2) multiply by total area |
| How do you work out the mean of quadrats for the distribution of an organism? | Total number of organisms --------------------------------------------- Total number of quadrats |
| What is the reliability of using quadrats and transects? | Good tools Using large sample area Repeating |
| What is the validity when using transects or quadrats? | Must answer question Control all variables Use random sampling |
| Enzymes | - Special shapes so they only catalyst one reaction - Digestive enzymes; such as amylase, protease and lipase break down big molecules into small ones |
| What is respiration? | The process of releasing energy from glucose |
| what is differentiation? | process that changes a cell to become specalised |
| What did Mendel do? | - Performed genetic experiments with pea plants - He noted how characteristics in plants were passed on from one generation to the next. |
| what is the equation for Aerobic respiration? | Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy |
| What is the energy by aerobic respiration used for? | In animals, To contract muscles. In mammals, keep body temperature steady In plants, Build sugars, nitrates & nutrients into amino acids. |
| When is anaerobic respiration used? | When there is no oxygen intake such as, in exercise |
| What is he equation for anaerobic respiration? | Glucose ---> energy + lactic acid |
| How to repay an oxygen debt? | Breathing hard to get oxygen into the blood so it can remove the lactic acid by oxidising it to CO2 and water. |
| what are enzymes used in? | protease & lipase used in Biological detergents because they are protein digesting enzymes. To change foods - Starch syrup to sugar syrup In Industry to speed up reactions |
| Advantages and disadvantages of using enzymes in industry? | Advantages: Reduces cost Reduces use of energy biogradable so less pollution Disadvantages: Expensive Tightly controlled |
| How does DNA control the activities in a cell? | Contains instructions to put organisms together and make it work |
| What is mitosis? | A cell reproducing itself by splitting to form two identical offsprings |
| What is meiosis? | Sexual reproduction to form a new individual containing DNA from both female and male. |
| what is an allele? | A different version of the same gene |
| What is meant by an organism being heterozygous? | 2 Alleles from a particular gene are different |
| what is meant by a organism being homozygous? | 2 Alleles being the same from a particular gene |
| How can fossils form? | Gradual replacement Casts or impressions Preservation |
| factors which can lead to a species becoming extinct? | new predators new disease new species catastrophic event |
| what is speciation? | The development of a new species |
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