Cell Knowledge

Question	Answer
what are the 3 Membrane Lipids	Phospholipids, Glycolipids (5%), Cholesterol (20%)
Phospholipids	lollipop-shaped with polar head that is charged and is hydrophilic and an uncharged, nonpolar tail that is made of two fatty acid chains and is hydrophobic
Membrane Proteins and the 2 types	allows cell to communicate with enviroment integral and peripheral
Integral Proteins and some functions	can be on one side or span the whole memrain. are involved in transport and are channels or act as carriers that bind to a substance and then move it through the membrane. Some transmembrane proteins are enzymes. Still others are receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers
Peripheral Proteins and some functions	attach loosely to integral proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane. Some helps support the membrane from its cytoplasmic side, are enzymes, motor proteins involved in mechanical functions, or linking cells together
Glycocalyx	Bascally sugar coating on the cell. Act as markers other cells can recognise
the 3 Cell Junctions	Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions	Impermeable junctions that form continuous seals around the cells prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space.
Desmosomes	Anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells together act like molecular Velcro and also help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers
Gap Junctions	Communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass are particularly important for communication in heart cells and embryonic cells.
Diffusion	tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration
Types of diffusion	simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
simple diffusion	substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer
facilitated diffusion	use Integral Proteins to transition through the cell membrain (Carrier-mediated or Channel-mediated)
osmosis	The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane
Tonicity	ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells internal water vol-ume
Hypertonic	have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside the cell (it will shrink as water moves out)
Isotonic	have the same concentrations
Hypotonic	have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes insde the cell (it will expand as water moves in)
Active Transport	move molecules like Na+ outside the cell using ATP (Primary Active Transport and Secondary Active Transport)
Primary Active Transport	Consumes ATP to move stuff out of the cell (sodium-potassium pump)
Secondary Active Transport	Can use primary transport to store energy outside the cell which can then be let back in when needed
Vesicular Transport	moving large particles (Endocytosis, Exocytosis)
Endocytosis	move stuff into the cell (Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis)
Key players in membrain potential	K+ in the main player with Na+ also playing a small role
Endoplasmic Reticulum and the types	Rough (form proteins from ribosomes) and smooth (create enzymes to catalize reations)
Golgi Apparatus	package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER and destined for export from the cell
Peroxisomes	sacks containing enzymes oxidases (detoxify harmful) and catalases (convert stuff to water) to detoxify stuff
Lysosomes	containe digestive enzymes that break down particles entering cell
Cytoskeleton and the 3 components	skeleton of the cell (Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules)
Centrosome and Centrioles	center of the cell that tries to create microtubules and organises stuff
what is chromatin	bumpy threads made of 30% DNA, 60% globular histone proteins, and 10% RNA

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	Created by Spyros Krinis about 4 years ago