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Description
Flashcards by Priya Kapoor, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Priya Kapoor
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Research Methods in Social Psychology | 1. Observation 2. Case study 3. Survey method 4. Correlational research 5. Experimental method |
| Observation | Observation is gathering data directly by recognizing and recording facts or events. It is considered as the basic technique of studying behaviour, which involves carefully observing the surrounding around you |
| Types of observation | Systematic Observation: A basic method of science in which the natural world, or various events and processes in it, are observed and measured in careful manner. Naturalistic Observation: A research method in which behaviour is studied in the settings were it usually occurs. |
| Participant observation | Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher studies a group not only by observing the group, but also by participating in the activities of the group. |
| Non-participant Observation | Non-participant Observation involves observing participants without actively participating. |
| Case Study | An intensive study of small group people or specific individuals It is the in-depth study of the individual to gather detailed information that the researcher can use the information to formulate principles or reach conclusions that can applied to a large group of people |
| Advantages of case study | -Only method you can use if the type of behaviour you are looking at is rare -Very detailed |
| Disadvantages of case study | -You cannot generalize your results to all people -Cannot determine cause and effect |
| Survey method | A research method in which large number of people answer questions about aspects of their views or their behaviour. The survey research uses different techniques for collecting information. Included among these techniques are: personal interviews, questionnaires, telephonic surveys. In survey research good focus is given to the issue of sampling- how the participants for the research selected |
| Advantages of survey method | -Data collection is quick -Cheap |
| Disadvantages of survey method | -Sometimes people don’t tell the truth -Cannot determine cause and effect |
| Hawthorne effect | The Hawthorne Effect refers to the fact that people will modify their behaviour simply because they are being observed. |
| Correlational research | A research method in which researchers attempts to determine whether, and to what extent different variables are related to each other. It is designed to measure the degree of a relationship (if any) between two or more events, measures, or variables. |
| Types of correlation | Positive correlation: Increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable Negative correlation: Increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable |
| Range of correlation |
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| Correlation does not demonstrate causation | Just because two variables are related does NOT mean that one variable causes the other to occur. |
| Advantages of correlational research | Describes how the variables are related |
| Disadvantages of correlational research | Cannot determine cause and effect |
| Experimental Method | A research method in which researchers systematically alter one or more variables in order to determine whether such changes influence some aspects of behaviour. Directly vary a condition you might think affects behavior Create two or more groups of subjects, alike in all ways except the condition you are varying Record whether varying the condition has any effect on behavior |
| Independent variable | Condition(s) altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets their size, amount, or value |
| Dependent variable | A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment |
| Extraneous variables | Extraneous variables are all variables, which are not the independent variable, but could affect the results of the experiment. |
| Confounding Variables | Variables, other than the independent variable, which could inadvertently influence the dependent variable |
| Random Assignment | Subject has an equal chance of being in either the experimental or control group |
| Experimental Group | The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment (independent variable) |
| Control group | The control group is defined as the group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do. |
| Demand characteristics (subject bias) | Demand Characteristics is a term used in Cognitive Psychology to denote the situation where the results of an experiment are biased because the experimenters' expectancies regarding the performance of the participants on a particular task create an implicit demand for the participants to perform as expected. |
| Hawthorne Effect (participant bias) | refers to a change in behavior of the subject because they have a great deal of attention focused on them |
| Placebo Effect | The placebo effect is defined as a phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an inactive "look-alike" (fake) substance or treatment. |
| Nocebo | A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have. |
| Single Blind Procedure | The Single-Blind research method is a specific research procedure in which the researchers (and those involved in the study) do not tell the participants if they are being given a test treatment or a control treatment. |
| Double Blind Procedure | A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. |
| The first double-blind study | The first double-blind study was conducted in 1907 on the effects of caffeine by Rivers and Webber |
| Experimenter bias (Observer-expectancy effect) | Observer bias (also called experimenter bias or research bias) is the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see. |
| Advantages of experiments | Experiments are the only means by which cause and effect can be established. It allows for precise control of variables. Experiments can be replicated. |
| Disadvantages of experiments | All the psychological phenomena cannot be studied by this method. The experimental method is costly in term of money and time |
| Mundane/Experimental Realism | Mundane realism refers to the extent to which the experimental situation is similar to situations people are likely to encounter outside of the laboratory. |
| Deception | when participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s purpose or methods |
| Informed Consent | research participants must be told enough to enable them to choose whether they want to participate |
| Debriefing | the post experimental explanation of the study to its participants. Usually discloses any deception and asks participants regarding their understanding and feelings. |
| The Research Process | 1. Select a topic 2. Review of Literature 3. Formulate hypothesis 4. Select research method 5. Collect data 6. Analyse data 7. Report results |
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