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Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is educational policy? | Government strategies for education, introduced through legal changes and instructions to schools |
| Until what century was education only provided by churches and private schools? | 19th Century |
| However, what did industrialisation create the need for and what did this lead to? | An educated workforce - this lead to the development of compulsory, state run education |
| Miriam Davis identifies three phases of the development of state education in the UK. When was the first phase? | 1870-1944 |
| In this first phase, what did the middle class receive and what did the working class receive? | Middle class - academic education Working class - elementary education |
| Why was this? | To prepare the middle class for professional careers, and to prepare working class for basic manual work |
| Which class left school early? | The working class |
| When was phase 2? | 1944-1988 |
| Until 1965, what name was given to this system? | The tripartite system |
| Which exam did the tripartite system include? | The 11+ |
| What were the three secondary schools that pupils would be allocated to based on their results from the 11+? | Grammar schools, secondary moderns and technical colleges |
| In practice, what did this do? | Channelled working class pupils into secondary moderns and non-academic education and channelled middle class pupils into grammar schools |
| What name was given to the system from 1965? | The comprehensive system |
| What did this do? | Replaced most grammar and secondary modern schools with comprehensive schools |
| Why was this different? | All pupils - middle and working class - attended comprehensive schools |
| How did the comprehensive system still reproduce inequalities? | Most schools streamed their pupils - working class pupils disproportionately placed in lower streams |
| Which government set up the Education Reform Act and in what year? | Conservative government set up the ERA in 1988 |
| What was at the core of the education reform act? | Marketisation |
| What have marketisation policies since 1988 introduced and what have they reduced? | Introduced and education market, competition and parental choice Reduced state control over education |
| Who's argument was this based on? | New Right |
| What is this argument? | Competition forces schools to improve in order to attract 'customers' and therefore this raises standard |
| Was does David call this? | Parentocracy |
| Give 6 examples of marketisation policies | Ofsted reports Formula funding Open enrolment Exam league tables Business sponsorship Specialist schools |
| Who argues that marketisation reproduces inequality? | Ball and Whitty |
| How do they argue marketisation reproduces inequality? | Publication of league tables means schools with good results are more in demand with parents, so these schools can be more selective with who they enroll |
| Who do Ball and Whitty argue these schools select? | High achieving pupils - who are more likely to be middle class (and female) |
| What is formula funding? | Schools are funded according to the numbers they attract |
| How does this create inequality? | Popular schools (the ones with good results) will receive more money and can afford to hire better qualified teachers and more resources |
| What does this lead to? | These schools attracting high achieving pupils and so leading to even better results |
| Who benefits from this process? | The middle class |
| Ball also argues that marketisation also ____________ inequality | Legitimates |
| How does Ball argue this is the case? | Parentocracy puts a child achievement in the hands of the parent - therefore any differences in achievement are seen as the parents fault rather than the schools fault for being unfair |
| Who argues that in reality, middle class parents have more economic and cultural capital and therefore more choice? (give an example of how this benefits them) | Gerwitz and others. Middle class parents are able to move into a catchment area of a better school |
| What did the New Labour governments after 1997 increase? | Spending on education |
| What were the two aims of the New Labour government from 1997? | Promoting diversity and choice, reducing inequality of opportunity |
| How did New Labour promote diversity choice and by what policies? | By maintaining the education market. Policies included competition between schools, creating specialist schools and setting up academies |
| What policies did New Labour introduce that aimed to reduce inequality of opportunity in the education system? | Educational Maintenance Allowances, Education Action Zones and Aim Higher |
| Why do people criticise New Labour policies for being contradictory? | EMAs helped poorer pupils stay on post-16, but then tuition fee's were introduced |
| What education system have New Labour left untouched? | The private education system |
| What do some critics argue 'choice' and 'diversity' are just nice words for and why? | 'Inequality' - the education market ensures that working class pupils remain disadvantaged |
| What have been genuine achievements of New Labour educational policies? | More education spending and focus on a 'learning society' |
| Evidence that academies have raise standards is ______ | Mixed |
| How many stages have policies relating to ethnicity gone through? | 3 |
| When was the first stage and what was the aim? | Through the 60's and 70's - the aim was to encourage assimilation |
| What is assimilation? | The process by which people of a group acquire the social characteristics (ie culture) of another group |
| Give an example of a program through which assimilation was performed? | English as a Second Language programmes |
| In what years was the second phase of ethnic related policies? | Through the 80's and 90's |
| What did the aim switch to in the second phase? | Valuing all cultures through multicultural education polices - such as Black Studies in the mainstream curriculum |
| The third stage is more recent. What has the focus been? | Social inclusion |
| What does this mean? | The legal duty of schools to promote racial equality |
| Who argues that even the more recent policies are too limited in scope? | Mirza |
| Give some examples of policies aimed at giving girls and boys equal opportunities | GIST & WISE - encouraging girls into science and technolgy The National Curriculum (1988) - boys and girls largely study the same subjects |
| What do policies like this result in? | Meritocracy |
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