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Flashcards by Twisha Girisankar, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Twisha Girisankar
almost 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Definition of respiration. | A series of chemical reactions in every cell that continuously releases energy from food molecules |
| 5 ways in which energy released by respiration is used by the body. | 1. to produce heat in the body 2. growth 3. active transport 4. movement 5. reproduction. |
| Cell respiration is an ------ reaction. | Exothermic. |
| Where in the cell does respiration take place? | Mitochondria in the cytoplasm. |
| In which cells is respiration more numerous? | Active cells like liver and muscle. |
| Word equation for aerobic respiration. | glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy. |
| Balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration. | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy |
| When do cells start respiring anaerobically? | When oxygen is in short supply. |
| which type of respiration produces more energy? | Aerobic |
| In terms of respiration, describe what happens when we do strenuous exercise. | 1. You cannot deliver enough oxygen via aerobic respiration to meet the demands of the body. 2.The high CO2 level detected by the body causes the muscles to respire anaerobically. |
| What causes the muscles to feel sore after heavy exercise? | The lactic acid build up in muscle cells. |
| Word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells. | Glucose -> lactic acid + energy |
| Word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells. | Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy |
| layer of oil- prevents oxygen from entering the glucose solution. | |
| Why does the limewater turn milky? | Bubbles of CO2 are produced as a result of anaerobic respiration in the yeast cells. |
| What happens to the glucose solution after a period of time? | It gets slightly warmer and contains alcohol (ethanol). |
| Why do we boil the glucose first? | Boiling the glucose removes the oxygen present in it and makes the solution sterile. |
| Why are the yeast cells not added straight away when the liquid is still very hot? | It would kill the yeast cells and anaerobic respiration would not tale place. the high temperature would denature the enzymes. |
| Space surrounded by ribs that has intercostal muscles between them. | Thorax. |
| Muscular sheet that separates the thorax from the abdomen. | Diaphragm. |
| 2 advantages of air entering the respiratory system via the nasal cavity. | Air is warmed and filtered before entering the lungs via the trachea. |
| Actual gas exchange takes place in the ----. | Alveoli. |
| Summarise what happens at the alveoli. | Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveolar air space to be breathed out. |
| Name the 6 ways in which respiratory surfaces is adapted for gas exchange. | 1. Large surface area (folds and curves + many alveoli) 2. Thin walls- short diffusion distance. 3. permeable surfaces 4. Moist walls (gases dissolve in moisture) 5. Good blood supply (alveoli surrounded by blood capillaries) 6. Large diffusion gradient. |
| How many layers of cells separates the oxygen in the alveoli from the red blood cells? | 2 |
| What makes the respiratory surfaces permeable? | Moist walls (surfactant) |
| Describe how the diffusion gradient helps respiratory surfaces in gas exchange. | The process of breathing ensures that there is a large diffusion gradient that encourages oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the alveolar space to be breathed out. When fresh air rich in oxygen is breathed in, it makes the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli higher than in the capillaries, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries. |
| Membranes that surround the lungs. | Pleural membrane. |
| Function of the pleural membrane. | Seals the lungs and secretes a fluid called the pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant, cutting down the friction when the lungs move against the ribs during breathing movements. |
| The main respiratory surfaces in plants | Spongy mesophyll cells. |
| 3 ways in which the cell membranes in plants are adapted for gas exchange. | 1. Thin 2. Moist 3. Permeable. |
| In the bell jar model, 1. the balloons represent the --- 2. the rubber sheet represents the --- 3.the glass jar represents the--- 4. the glass tube represents the-- | 1. lungs 2. diaphragm 3. ribcage/ chest wall 4. trachea. |
| When the rubber sheet is pulled down, what happens to the lungs? | inflate |
| What happens to the lungs when the rubber sheet is pushed up? | deflate |
| What is alveolar air rich in? | Carbon dioxide. |
| Describe the process of breathing in (inhalation). | 1. Intercostal muscles contract 2. ribcage moves up and out 3. Diaphragm contracts and moves down/ flattens 4. the volume inside the thorax increases 5. the pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure 6. air moves in. |
| Describe the process of breathing out (exhalation). | 1. the intercostal muscles relax 2. the ribcage moves down and in the diaphragm relaxes and moves up/ resumes dome shape 3. The volume inside the thorax decreases 4. pressure inside thorax increases above atmospheric pressure 5. air moves out. |
| Describe the 3 differences between the bell jar model and real breathing in humans. | 1. In humans, the ribcage moves out and in and works together with the diaphragm in changing the volume inside the thorax. in the bell jar model, only the diaphragm is involved. 2. In humans, the diaphragm is a dome shape that flattens when breathing in. In the model, it starts as a flat shape and is pulled down when breathing in. 3. The space between the lungs (balloons) and the chest wall(glass jar) in the model in much greater than between the lungs and the ribcage in reality. |
| Define breathing rate. | The number of breaths taken per minute. |
| Define recovery rate. | The length of time it takes to return to the breathing rate prior to exercise. |
| Name 4 things on a breathing rate/exercise time graph that could show that one person is fitter compared to another. | [use data to back up evidence!] 1. A lower resting breathing rate. 2. faster recovery to normal resting breathing rate after exercise 3. slower rate of increase during exercise 4. a lower maximum breathing rate. |
| Define depth of breathing. | the volume of air breathed in during each breath. |
| How does the body bring in a larger volume of air and increase the rate of gas exchange during exercise? | by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. |
| Describe one feature of the alveolus and explain how it increases the rate at which oxygen is absorbed. | The shape and folding of the alveolus provides a large surface area. the larger the surface area, the greater the rate at which oxygen is absorbed. |
| Other word for breathing | ventilation |
| Define breathing | the physical movement that involves intercostal muscles, ribs and diaphragm- ventilate the lungs/refresh air. |
| What happens to the substances produced during aerobic respiration in the body? | Water is used up by the body. Carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the body by the lungs. |
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