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| Question | Answer |
| [EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE] sociobiology meaning | the application of evolutionary biology to understanding the societal behaviour of animals, including humans |
| evolution definition | a theory that all living things have acquired their present forms through gradual changes in their genetic endowment over successive generations, through natural selection |
| [EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE] evolutionary psychology meaning | focus on psychological mechanisms that have been shaped by natural selection. assumes that every characteristic we observe must have some adaptive significance. |
| sexual strategies explanation | females and males face different adaptive problems in short-term and in long-term mating and reproduction that lead to different strategies |
| sexual strategies for women vs. for men | women: short-term; choose partner with immediate resources (food, money). long-term; partners who provide resources for the indefinite future men: short-term; sexually available women. long-term; avoid sexually available women. |
| [EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE] gender-neutral evolutionary theory | criticises that evolution has determined gender differences in behaviour. can accommodate transgender individuals. |
| [PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES] psychoanalytic theory (Freud) | basic assumption is that part of human personality is unconscious and that human behaviour is driven by sex drive or sex energy (libido) and death (thanatos, death instinct) |
| three major parts of the psychoanalytic theory + explanation | 1. id: present at birth, pleasure principle 2. ego: reality principle, helps having realistic, rational interactions 3. superego: idealism, contains the conscience |
| stages of psychosexual development + ages | 1. oral stage (0-1 year) 2. anal stage (1-2 years) 3. phallic stage (3-6 years, occurrence of Oedipus complex) 4. latent stage (6-puberty) 4. genital stage (pubert-death, maturing sexual interests) |
| oedipus complex and electra complex | oedipus: sexual attraction of a little boy for his mother electra: sexual attraction of a little girl for her father |
| [PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES] learning theory | much of human sexual behaviour is learned |
| 4 forms of learning | 1. classical conditioning (explains fetishes) 2. operant conditioning (reinforcement, punishment) 3. behaviour modification 4. social learning (involves imitation and identification) |
| olfactory aversion therapy meaning | problematic behaviour is punished using an aversive stimulus (e.g. unpleasant odour) |
| [PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES] social exchange theory | social relationships are exchanges of goods and services. people will choose actions that minimise costs and maximise rewards. |
| [PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES] cognitive theory | what we think influences what we feel (e.g. not getting an erection can either lead to 'nothing to worry about, it can happen' or to 'i will never have an erection again'). this theory is used to understand sexual arousal or why sexual variations can happen. |
| [PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES] gender schema theory (part of cognitive theory) | we associate a set of attributes (behaviours, personality, appearance) with males and females. this helps us remember things but sometimes distorts our memory |
| [SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST VIEWPOINT] feminist theory | equality. women's sexuality should be expressed. gender roles restrict people. intersectionality + gender performativity |
| meaning of intersectionality and gender performativity | intersectionality: an approach that simultaneously considers the consequences of multiple group memberships (e.g. female + black) gender performativity: we perform gender and sexuality based on society's norms, just like actors perform in a play (e.g. women wearing dresses) |
| [SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST VIEWPOINT] queer theory | questions the social categorisation of sexuality and gender and challenges binaries + questions what is different from the norm and what not (e.g. heteronormativity) |
| [SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES] symbolic interaction theory | premise that human nature and the social order are product of communication among people. communication is only successful if similar meanings to objects and people are ascribed (e.g. let's go to my apartment; to have sex or to talk? similar interpretation is important in communication) |
| [SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES] script theory | sexual scripts are plans that people carry in their heads for what they're going to do (and is a result of prior learning that teaches us an etiquette). little in human sexual behaviour is spontaneous. sexual sequence is described universally by people. |
| three levels of scripts | 1. cultural scripts 2. interpersonal scripts (people's responses in the real world) 3. intrapsychic scripts (plans, fantasies, motives that guide a person's behaviour) sexual behaviour is the result of the interplay between these three levels |
| [SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES] sexual fields | sexual interactions are also influenced by the social context in which they occur (field = a physical site) |
| the sexual ideology (or discourse) is determined by these five factors | 1. religion 2. economy 3. family (e.g. love or just sex) 4. medicine (birth control?) 5. law |
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