3121835
Description
Flashcards by Jonathan Cash, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jonathan Cash
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nucleus | • Every cell has one (well, almost every cell) • Contains chromatin = DNA = genetic material surrounded by an envelope • It directs cell activities = cell division & protein manufacture |
| Plasma Membrane | • External boundary • Regulates entry & exit = selectively permeable • Double phospholipid layer with proteins |
| Cytoplasm | = cytosol + organelles + cytoskeleton |
| Mitochondria | Make ATP (adenosine triphosphate - cell energy) ADP + P = ATP (energy) Number α to energy requirements |
| Ribosomes | • Small granules • Found free & attached to endoplasmic reticulum • follow genetic instructions for protein synthesis during protein manufacture |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum 2 types | Rough ER Smooth ER |
| Golgi Apparatus | • Modifies & packages proteins for external or internal use. - become part of the cell - be secreted from the cell - remain inside the cell • End product leaves in vesicles |
| Lysosomes | contain lysozymes & other digestive enzymes |
| Cytoskeleton | Dense support scaffold of filaments & cylinders for transport & shape. Made of protein strands called actin and myosin |
| Active transport (Membranes) | Requires Energy (ATP) e.g. sodium /potassium pump |
| Passive Transport list 4 | Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration, Facilitated diffusion |
| What is Diffusion | Movement of molecules from area of high to low concentration or pressure using kinetic energy |
| What is Facilitated diffusion | membrane proteins assit movement |
| What is Osmosis | water moves through protein if there is a concentration difference |
| What is filtration | Allowing fluid to surround the body’s cells and keeping large molecules from getting into the tissue fluid |
| Enzymes | Act as catalysts in chemical reactions |
| Cations | A positively charged ion |
| Neutrons | Sub atomic particle with a neutral charge |
| Chemical Bond | When electrons interact and form an energy relationship between atoms |
| Ions | An atom that has lost or gained an electron |
| Anions | A negatively charged ion |
| Electron | Sub atomic particle with a negative charge |
| Matter | A solid, liquid or gas that has mass and occupies space |
| Inorganic Compound | A small, simple molecule without carbon |
| Salts | Ionic compounds that split into particles when dissolved in water |
| Electrolytes | When put into a solution these will break down into ions and are capable of conduction an electrical charge |
| Proton | Sub atomic particle with a positive charge |
| Organic compound | Large, bonded molecules that contain carbon |
| Atoms | The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element |
| What is a Cell | = Cyte • Basic structural unit, • Smallest unit of life. • Contain organelles = little organs • Come in a variety of shapes & sizes |
| How do Phospholipids arrange themselves | water-loving (hydrophilic) end is outwards & their water-hating (hydrophobic) end is inwards, creating an oily film |
| What makes up a Plasma Membrane? | Phospholipids, cholesterol, sugars & proteins. |
| Cell membrane | May be folded to form microvilli. • Increases cell surface area on free edge • Sometimes referred to as the brush border May have cilia for movement Outside surface is the glycocalyx |
| Cell membrane proteins | • Receptors; for messenger molecules like neurotransmitters & hormones • Channels; allow water & substances through & act as gates • Transporters; pumping things in or out of cell |
| Cell membrane Proteins act as | • Identity markers; identifying cells as yours. • Motor molecules; enable cilia to beat, white cells to move & flagella to whip • Cytoskeleton anchors organelles to membrane • Allow cells to stick together |
| Cholesterol | • Gives support • Wedged between some of the tails |
| Membrane carbohydrates | Attached to outer surface proteins -> glycoproteins Attached to membrane lipids -> glycolipids collectively called the blood group antigens receptors cell interactions |
| Inside the nucleus | • full of chromatin • 46 chromosomes • Each chromosome contains about 4000 genes |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Rough ER. Branching channels studded with ribosomes. Transport & makes proteins & phospholipids. 84 |
| Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum | Branching channels. Makes, transports & stores lipids. Site of chemical reactions. e.g. glycogen to glucose. Detoxifies. |
| Vesicles | transport bubbles |
| Centrioles | 2, used in cell division. Surrounded by a clear area = centrosome |
| Vesicular transport | Exocytosis: Moving substances out of the cell Endocytosis: Moving substances into the cell Phagocytosis: A type of endocytosis |
| Elements | A large collection of the same type of atom • Listed in the periodic table |
| Elements How Many Natural Body | • There are 105 listed • 92 are naturally occurring • 95% of the body uses just 4 elements |
| Kinds of matter - Mixtures | 2 or more elements mixed together but retaining their individual properties. • Eg salt mixed into water • Can be physically separated out |
| Kinds of matter - Compound | 2 or more elements bonded together • Individual properties lost • Compound has its own properties • Can’t restore compound to its elemental form. • Eg water (a liquid), made of 2 gases (H&O) |
| Major electrolytes |
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