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Description
Flashcards by Greg MacPherson, updated 17 days ago
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Created by Greg MacPherson
almost 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unit One - Module 4 Description, Correlation, and Experimentation | Description, Correlation, and Experimentation |
| Three types of descriptive research | Case Study Naturalistic Observation Survey |
| case study | A descriptive technique in which one individual or group, or situation, is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| naturalistic observation | A descriptive technique of observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. |
| Hawthorne effect | A situation where knowing you are being observed can alter behaviour. |
| survey | a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually be questioning a representative and random sample of the group. |
| sampling bias | A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample. |
| population | All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (This does not relate to a country's whole population) |
| random sampling | Involves choosing participants at random from a larger population. They can be used for many types of research including surveys, interviews, and experiments. |
| wording effects | The effects that words, word order, and question order have on the opinions that people express on surveys. |
| social desirability bias | Bias from people people's responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes. |
| self-report bias | Bias when people report their behaviour inaccurately. |
| correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other. |
| correlation coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00). |
| variable | Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to study. |
| scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the dots suggest the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter suggests high correlation) |
| positive correlation | A positive correlation means that HIGHER scores on one variable are associated with HIGHER scores on a second variable. |
| negative correlation | A negative correlation means that HIGHER scores on one variable are associated with LOWER scores on a second variable. |
| bidirectional problem | Correlations only show that a relationship exists between variables. They do not indicate in which direction a relationship works. |
| third-variable problem | Two variables can be related but not necessarily because they cause each other. A third (or fourth or fifth..) variable may be the cause of both of the other related variables. |
| illusory correlation | This is perceiving a relationship where non exists. Or perceiving a stronger relationship that actually exists. |
| regression toward the mean | The tendency for extreme or unusual events to fall back (regress) toward the average (mean). |
| experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable). |
| experimental group | In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment or manipulation, that is, to the independent variable. |
| control group | In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment or manipulation. This is in contrast to the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment or manipulation. |
| random assignment | Involves taking a sample and randomly assigning the participants to either the experimental group or the control group of an experiment. Random assignment only applies to experiments. |
| independent variable | In an experiment, this is the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
| dependent variable | In an experiment, this is the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated |
| validity | This is the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to. |
| confounding variables | These are the factors other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results. |
| placebo effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |
| single-blind procedure | a procedure in an experiment where the researchers do not tell the participants if they are being given a test treatment or a control treatment. This is done in order to ensure that participants don't bias the results by acting in ways they "think" they should act. |
| double-blind procedure | A procedure in an experiment where both the participant and the researchers are ignorant (blind) as to the condition (or group) that the participant is in. This type of design is used to prevent the researchers from acting differently to people in one group, or from giving the participant any information that could make them act and/or behave unnaturally. |
| experimenter bias | Bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs. |
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