3243179
Description
Flashcards by Mellie Montoya, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mellie Montoya
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| cytoplasm | site of many metabolic pathways and protein synthesis; includes the cytoskeleton; thick solution composed of water, salts, and proteins contained by cell membrane; cytosol + organelles (all material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus) |
| golgi apparatus | carbohydrate modification and maturation of membrane and secretory proteins; modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for either secretion or delivery to another organelle |
| endoplasmic reticulum | protein synthesis and glycosylation; synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles; calcium storage, drug metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis (synthesis of most lipids) |
| lysosomes | intracellular degradation (degradation of cellular components and extracellular particles) |
| plasma membrane | interface of cell to external environment; consists of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; selectively permeable; involved in cell adhesion, signaling, and ion conductivity |
| mitochondria | ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation |
| peroxisomes | oxidative reactions; oxidation of toxic molecules |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes |
| lipids | naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (ex. vit A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, etc; main biological functions include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes |
| gated transport | selective pores restrict the movement of large macromolecules but allow diffusion of small molecules (ex. nuclear transport, primary cilium) |
| nucleus | contains main genome; DNA and RNA synthesis |
| endosomes | sorting of endocytosed material |
| transmembrane transport | membrane bound translocators transport proteins across membranes (ex. ER translocation, mitochondria) |
| vesicular transport | membrane bound vesicles loaded with cargo ferry molecules between compartments (ex. Golgi transport, endocytosis and exocytosis) |
| phagocytosis | ingestion of large particles and delivery to lysosomes |
| pinocytosis | ingestion of small bits of the plasma membrane with extracellular fluid |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | endocytotic mechanism in which specific molecules are ingested into the cell. The specificity results from a receptor-ligand interaction. Receptors on the plasma membrane of the target tissue will specifically bind to ligands on the outside of the cell |
| exocytosis | durable, energy-consuming process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space |
| cytoskeleton | microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments; mechanical support. cell shape, movement; critical for protein, RNA, and organelle anchoring and transport in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus; plays role in mitosis and cytokinesis; form specialized organelles (cilia and flagella) |
| mitosis | part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus |
| cytokinesis | the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. It occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division called mitosis and meiosis, which occur in animal cells |
| intermediate filaments | connects adjacent epithelial cells into sheets; resists shear forces, compression, stretching by controlling the viscoelasticity of cytoplasm; anchors organelles; form non-polar flexible rope-like structures |
| actin microfilaments | control cell shape and movement; major component of muscle; flexible and polarized; form microvilli, sarcomeres; nuclear actin involved in transcription, nuclear transport; found in all cells; in motile or muscle cells, arranged in 3D network that cells use to generate force |
| microtubules | major component of mitotic spindle; have structural polarity with a + and a - end; organized in cells from the centrosome; minus end always embedded in centrosome; grow and shrink by dynamic instability; main highways in the cell; form cilia and flagella (9+2) |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center (MTOC); contains hundreds of gamma-tubulin rings from which microtubules polymerize; contains centrioles (no role in microtubule organization) |
| microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) | assist in microtubule dynamics and the movement of cargo along microtubules |
| motor proteins | ATP hydrolysis (energy) = large scale structural changes to generate mechanical force; play role in movement of organelles and macromolecular complexes too large to move by diffusion; play role in cell division and cell movement; head domain for motor activity + cargo binding domain |
| kinesins | belong to large superfamily with related structure and functions; all move on microtubules towards plus end (away from MTOC and towards cell periphery - anterograde movement) |
| dyneins | belong to small family of motors with similar structure to kinesins but move towards minus end of microtubules (retrograde movement); divided into two groups (1. cytoplasmic, found in call cells 2. axonemal, found in cilia and flagella) |
| myosin | large superfamily of motor proteins; interact with actin microfilaments or thin filaments of actin (in muscle) to generate force; associated with actin to form contractile structures; in a non-muscle cell, association with actin leads to cell locomotion |
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