Intro to Psychology

Description

This is a review material for chapters 1-4 of intro to psychology, it goes over what is psychology, the fields, and subfields of psychology, how psychology works with the brain, and how it is relevant to sleep.
Chloe R
Flashcards by Chloe R, updated more than 1 year ago
Chloe R
Created by Chloe R about 3 years ago
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Resource summary

Question Answer
American Psychological Association a professional organization representing psychologists in the US
Behaviorism Focus on observing and controlling behavior
biopsychology the study of how biology influences behavior
biopsychosocial model perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individuals health
Clinical psychology area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
cognitive psychology study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationships to experiences and actions
counseling psychology area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
Developmental psychology Scientific study of development across a lifespan
dissertation long research paper about research that was conducted as part of the candidates doctoral training
empirical method method of acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
forensic psychology area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its enviornment
humanism perspective within psychology that emphasized the potential for good that is innate to all humans
introspection process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into it's component parts
ology suffix that denotes "the scientific study of"
personality psychology study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
personality trait a consistent pattern of thought and behavior
PhD (doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
postdoctoral training program allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
psychoanalytic theory focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
psychology scientific study of the mind and behavior
PsyD (doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
sport and exercise psychology area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
structuralism understanding the conscious experience through introspection
archival research method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
attrition reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
cause-and effect relationship changes in one variable cuase the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
clinical or case study observational research study focusing on one or a few people
confirmation bias tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
confounding variable unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in acutaulity, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
control group serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study-by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
correlation relationship between two or more variables;when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
correlation coefficient number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
cross-sectional research compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
debriefing when an experiement involved in deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
deception pruposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
deductive reasoning results are predicted based on a general premise
dependent variable variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
double-blind study experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
empirical grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
experimental group group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
experimenter bias research expectations skew the results of the study
fact objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
falsifiable able to be disproven by experimental results
generalize inferring that results for a sample apply to the larger population
hypothesis (plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
illusory correlation seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
independent variable variable that is influence or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound and experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
inductive reasoning conclusions are drawn from observations
informed consent process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participatae
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
Institutional review board (IRB) Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members the reviews proposals for research involving human participants
inter-rater reliability measure of agreement among observers on how the record and classify a particular event
longitudinal research studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
naturalistic observation observation of behavior in its natural setting
negative correlations two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
observer bias when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
operational definition description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
opinion personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
participants subjects of the psychological research
peer-reviewed journal article article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of manuscript before it is accepted for publication
placebo effect people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
population overall group of individuals that researchers are interested in
positive correlation two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
random assignment method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
random sample subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
reliablility consistency and reproducibility of a given result
replicate repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliablility
sample subset of individuals selected from the larger population
Single-blind study experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
statistical analysis determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
survey list of questions to be answered by research participants-given as paper-and pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conduct verbally-allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
theory well-developed set of ideas that propose and explanation for observed phenomena
validity accuracy of a given result in measuring what is designed to measure
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