34102417
Description
Flashcards by Elisha Twomey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Elisha Twomey
about 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Science | the organised and objective study of the physical, material and living world |
| Biology | the study of living things |
| Areas of Study in Biology | botany, biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, zoology |
| Scientific Method | a process of investigation in which problems are identified and their suggested explanations are tested by carrying out experiments |
| Steps in the Scientific Method | 1. Observation, 2. Hypothesis, 3. Experimentation, 4. Collection and Interpretation of Data, 5. Conclusion, 6. Relating the Conclusion to Existing Knowledge, 7. Reporting and Publishing the Results |
| Observation | when something is noticed |
| Hypothesis | an educated guess based on observation |
| Experiment | designed to test a hypothesis |
| Data | consists of the measurements, observations or information gathered from experiments |
| Conclusion | a summary of the results of an experiment |
| On the basis of the conclusion, the hypothesis is: Supported if... Changed if... Rejected if... | supported if the results agree fully changed if the results agree only partly rejected if the results contradict it |
| Where are Experimental Procedures and Results Published | in scientific journals or on the world wide web |
| Theory | is a hypothesis that has been supported by many different experiments |
| Principle/Law | arises from a theory that has been shown to be valid when fully tested over a long period of time |
| Principles of Experimentation | 1. Careful Planning and Design, 2. Ensure that the Experiment is Safe, 3. Design a Control Experiment, 4. Experiments Must be Fair |
| Variable | is a factor that may change in an experiment |
| Independent Variable | the factor that the tester changes during the experiment |
| Dependent Variable | the factor that changes during the experiment as a result of changing the independent variable |
| Control | used to provide a comparison (or standard) against which the actual experiment can be judged |
| How to Ensure Experiment is Safe | tie back long hair, wear safety goggles when necessary, be aware of safety symbols, report all accidents to a teacher |
| Placebo | 'dummy pill' used as a control in medical experiments |
| Factors to Ensure Fair Experiments | sample size, random selection, others must be able to replicate experiments, double blind testing |
| Sample Size | as large a sample as possible should be tested - makes results more statistically correct - reduces possibilities that results are due to individual differences |
| Random Selection | - helps to avoid bias - sample to be tested should be selected at random |
| Replicate Experiments | - others should be able to repeat the experiments - to confirm or deny the results |
| Replicate | a repeat of an experiment |
| Double Blind | means that both the investigator and the participant are unaware of the nature of the of the treatment the participant is receiving |
| Limitations of the Scientific Method | 1. The Extent of our Knowledge, 2. The Basis of Investigation, 3. Interpreting Results, 4. Changes in the Natural World, 5. Accidental Discoveries |
| Ethics | refers to whether conduct is right or wrong |
| Ethical Issues | - the use of captive animals in experiments - freezing human sperm and embryos - cloning animals |
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