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Description
Flashcards by Luciana Rosell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Luciana Rosell
over 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Reproduction | The process by which living organisms produce new living organisms. Some living organisms can reproduce either sexually or asexually depending on the environmental conditions. |
| Methods of reproduction | Asexual Sexual |
| Asexual | The process through which one organism creates new living organisms without the participation of another organism. The offspring are identical copies of the parent organism. |
| Sexual | Process in which two compatible organisms of the same species cooperate to create new living organisms. Mix of the characteristics of the two parents |
| Clones | Organisms that are identical copies of another organisms, and which contains the same genetic material |
| Environmental conditions | The parents does not need to find a compatible organism to reproduce asexually It is suitably adapted to the environmental condition, its offspring will also be. On the contrary sexual reproduction has the possibility to adapt to new conditions. |
| Organisms that reproduce asexually | Prokaryotic organisms: ex. bacterias Single-celled eukarotic: ex. protozoa, single-celled algae and yeast Fungi and multicellular algae. |
| Parts of asexual reproduction | Bipartition Budding Fragmentation Spore formation |
| Bipartition | it divides into two identical individual |
| Budding | Generates a bud or outgrowth which ends up separating |
| Fragmentation | Organisms capable of fully regenerating their bodies after being fragmented accidentally |
| Spore formation | They generate special cells which are capable of spreading and becoming new individuals. |
| COmbining traits | In sexual reproduction the organisms are not identical to each other. The offspring's traits are a combination of the parents' traits |
| Organisms that reproduce sexually | All living organisms formed by eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually |
| Sex cells or gametes | Specialized cells that take part in sexual reproduction. |
| Zygote | First cell of the new organism resulting from the fusion of the gametes. Its formation is only the first stage in the sexual reproduction of a multicellular organisms. |
| Female sex cells | Large cells Spherical Cytoplasm stores reserve substances to be used as a source of energy and matter |
| Male sex cells | Small cells Nucleus occupies the majority of space Specialized in traveling to the female gamete |
| Parts of male and female sex cells | |
| Fertilization | Fusion of male sex cell (sperm) and female sex cell (egg) results in a zygote |
| embryonic development | Is the process by which the zygote transforms into a multicellular organism. Two important processes Cell division Cell differentation |
| Cell division | The zygote genetic material duplicate, its cell membrane divide the cell into two halves producing two cells with a copy of the genetic material. This process is called MITOSIS |
| Cell differentiation | According to the position of each cell in the embryo, each one develops in a certain way with different forms and functions |
| Embryo | We refer to a living organism inside the womb of the mammals or the eggs. Made up of thousand of cells. |
| Biological cycle | |
| Gonads | Organs that carry out sexual reproduction |
| Types of gonads | Testicles: produces male sex cells-spermatozoa Ovaries: produces female sex cells-ova |
| Unisexual species | You either can have female gonads or mal gonads. Sexual dimorphism: physical differences between females and males |
| Hermaphroditic species | Both types of gonads simultaneosly or at different time Self-fertilization |
| Internal fertilization | Occurs inside the female's body. It requieres the male gametes to be inserted with the male reproductive organ. Common among land animals |
| External fertilization | They both release their gametes into the open and fertilization occurs. Common between aquatic and semiaquatic animals. |
| Types of reproduction | Oviparous Viviparous Ovoviparous |
| Oviparous | The embryo develops inside an egg. |
| Viviparous | Embryo develops in the mother's womb, in a specialized structure called the PLACENTA |
| Ovoviviparous | Embryo develops within an egg that remains within the maternal body until it is ready to hatch. |
| Postembryonic development | stage of an animal's life cycle that begins with birth and includes growth and reaching sexual maturity. |
| Two types of embryonic developmentont. Direct | Young animals look similar to adults. It includes viviparous and oviparous |
| Two types of embryonic development. Indirect | Newborn organisms, called LARVAE. Look different to adults. Series of changes = metamorphosis Period of inactivity = pupation |
| Asexual reproduction in plants | plants structures with the ability to sprout and develop into plants genetically identical to the parent It is called vegetative reproduction |
| Vegetative reproduction | Tubers. Such as potatoes Bulbs: such as garlic cloves Rhizomes: such as ginger plants Stolons: such as strawberry |
| Sexual reproduction in plants | it takes place in the flowers where the seed develop Plants can be hermaphoditic or dioecious. |
| The parts of the flower | |
| Pollination | The male gametes are contained in the pollen grains. To fertilize a female gamete the pollen grain must travel from the anther where was formed to the stigma of another flower of the same species |
| Means of pollination | By wind: it can travel long distances. By animals: theses animals are called pollinators, they are flying animals such as bees, hummingbirds. |
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