3584521
| Question | Answer |
| Compensatory education | Supplementary programs or services designed to help children at risk of cognitive impairment and low educational achievement succeed |
| Formal education | education that takes place in formal setting of school. Involves learning specific subjects and then being tested through formal exams |
| Intelligence | capacities + abilities related to the acquisition and demonstration of knowledge and skills such as problem solving |
| Meritocracy | system based on equality of opportunity. those with ability and talent achieve their just rewards regardless of social class and their social characteristics |
| comprehensive education | system where schools are open to all children, regardless of their ability to pay, where they live or prior educational achievement |
| correspondence principle | neo-marxist theory that argues that the organisation of schools closely corresponds to the organisation + demands of the workplace |
| cultural reproduction | marxist idea that higher social classes try to reproduce their leadership and privileges by investing time, money and resources in the education of their offspring |
| Streaming | situation in which groups of children of different measured ability are taught separately in all subjects within formal education |
| Setting | situation in which groups of children of different measured ability are taught separately in specific classes e.g. math, english |
| Ideological state apparatus (ISA) | marxist concept that argues that institutions such as schools encourage values favourable to the interests of a ruling class in capitalist societies |
| vocationalism | the knowledge and skills required for specific types of employment |
| gendered curriculum | situation in which males and females choose or are given different subjects to study |
| educational achievement | a narrow interpretation of this idea refers to the gaining of different levels of educational qualification |
| gender stereotyping | the practice of assigning particular characteristics to whole gender groups, such as males and females regardless of their individual differences |
| Particularistic Standards | Within family:- Child is judged by particularistic standards; not compared to everyone else or judged by a clear measure of achievement |
| Universalistic Standards | In the school, the child is judge according to a universalistic standard. This just means that the child is judged by a clear measure of achievement (or expectation of behaviour) that is also applied to every other child. |
| social claSS | individual's position in a class-based system of social stratification, usually defined by occupation |
| social mobility | ability to move up or down the class structure |
| social inequality | unequal distribution of resources in any system such as education (e.g. some students treated unfairly due to class, gender and ethnicity) |
| social capital | extent to which people are connected to social networks + how this can be used to person's advantage |
| equality of opportunity | absence of discrimination within institutions such as school |
| marketisation | process whereby supply and consumption of educational goods are opened up to private and public competition |
| cultural capital | anything in person's background that gives them an advantage over others. e.g. higher educational achievements - person tries to exchange them in the workplace (high pay) |
| inequality | any situation that lacks equality; may be due to natural differences e.g. social differences) |
| cultural deprivation | cause of educational underachievement, cultural dep. suggests a lack of important cultural resources (e.g. parental encouragement) |
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