362693
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Flashcards by miriamadaeze, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by miriamadaeze
about 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| all species and their abiotic environment in an area | Ecosystem |
| the position of an organism in the ecosystem according to how it obtains energy | trophic level |
| Know the cycle of materials (from bottom up) | Producers (plants)-> primary consumers (herbivores)-> secondary consumers (canivores) ->tertiary consumers (top canivores) |
| What is transfer efficiency? | (Energy entering trophic level n / energy entering trophic level n-1) x 100 |
| the amount of water pumped into the atmosphere by evaporation from the ground via transportation from vegetation- measure of solar radiation, temperature and rainfall | Evapotranspiration |
| a linear sequence of species (or groups of species) in which each species feeds exclusively on the next tropic level down the chain? | Food Chain (know the example) |
| complex trophic relationships among species in an ecosystem | Food web |
| the pattern of movement of a chemical element through living organisms and the four components of the physical environment (land, air, freshwater, oceans) | Biogeochemical cycle |
| Conversion of soluble nitrogenous compounds to atmospheric N2 | Denitrification |
| the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system. | Eutrophication |
| study sites with highest N deposition rates had lowest species richness, why? | There was competition exclusion of slow growers that are adapted to natural nitrogen levels; competitive dominance wins (there may be other ways to phrase this, this was what was said in class) |
| The development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches | Adaptive radiation |
| when a later group has caused the extinction or reduction of an earlier group; the later group outcompeted the earlier group | competitive displacement |
| instances in which two or more indistinguishable species don't interbreed | cryptic species |
| reduction or prevention of gene flow between populations by genetically determined differences between them. | Reproductive isolation |
| type of isolation where potential mates do not meet | ecological isolation |
| gametes fail to produce viable zygotes | Gametic incompatibility |
| hybrids have developmental problems | hybrid inviability |
| a set of genetic traits which have high fitness when they occur together, but low fitness when not together | coadapted gene complex |
| an adaptation to prevent the production of unfit hybrids, usually by strengthening of prezygotic barriers in sympatric populations | Reinforcement |
| colonists carry only a small fraction of the total variation in the source causing a loss of alleles in the founding population | Founder effect |
| How can reproductive isolation evolve without geographic isolation? | Parapatric speciation can occur if effect of gene flow is weaker than strength of divergent selection in different areas. |
| union of unreduced gametes of the same species | Autopolyploids |
| What are the barriers to gene flow? (This is the study on evolution of sympatric host races.) | Host plant preference; assertive mating on host plant; differential phenology; hybrids have lower fitness because they're not specialized. |
| the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism | Totipotency |
| process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same population | Natural Selection |
| Phenotypic variation during an individuals lifetime caused by environmental variation | Phenotypic plasticity |
| individuals fitness + relative's fitness | Inclusive fitness |
| relationship between the benefit and cost of a trait in a different environment | Trade-off |
| All life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffs | principle of allocation |
| where a species lives and how it obtains resources | fundamental niche |
| part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species | realized niche |
| benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes | Regulating |
| relatively long term response by an organism to environmental change | acclimation |
| distribution of organisms in space at one moment in time | Dispersion |
| The entire span of an organism from fertilization to death | Life cycle |
| Age specific expectation of future reproduction | Reproductive Value (Vx). |
| process when individuals share resources that are in short supply | competition |
| when an animal eats another organism | Predation |
| results in amino acid substitution on the polypeptide | Nonsynonymous |
| when an individual has different copies of an allele | heterozygous |
| The site on a chromosome occupied by a specific gene | Locus |
| when heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes | incomplete dominance |
| a form of nonrandom mating in which individuals are more likely to mate with relatives than with nonrelatives | inbreeding |
| set of species living in a particular place | Community |
| random change in gene frequencies within populations caused by sampling error | Genetic drift |
| the proportion of the population that are heterozygous | heterozygosity |
| when fitness is higher for heterozygotes than homozygotes | Heterosis (hybrid vigor) |
| movement of genotypes from one population to another | Gene flow |
| the limit in the degree of overlap that will allow species to coexist | Limiting similarity |
| when species differ more where they are together (sympatric) than where they are alone (allopatric) | Character displacement |
| when two or more species affect one another's evolution | coevolution |
| species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful | Aposematic |
| temporal change in community composition | succession |
| Origination rates are higher for specialized taxa because new species can avoid competing with other species by specializing on unique resources; Extinction rates of specialist taxa are higher because they are more sensitive to environmental variation | Ecological specialization |
| specific parts of a pathogen protein that the host's immune system recognizes and remembers | Antigenic sites |
| warming of earth caused by higher concentrations of gases that absorb heat | Greenhouse effect |
| Increased growth rate, levels off at high concentrations of oxygen, may not occur when nutrients are in short supply and short term enhancement decreases in the long run | Fertilization effect |
| The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean caused by uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere | Ocean acidification |
| services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services | Supporting |
| Products obtained from ecosystems | Provisioning |
| Nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystems | Cultural |
| Use of natural enemies to control pests | Biological control |
| Interactions among individuals in which all benefit | Cooperation |
| Specifically binds to a foreign substance in the blood or other tissue fluids and initiate its removal from the body | antibody |
| an environment defined by its climatic and geographic attributes and characterized by ecologically similar organisms, particularly dominant plants | Biome |
| preserves average characteristic of population by favoring average individuals | Stabilizing selection |
| a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule | Codon |
| Genotype and environment interact to determine the phenotype of an organism | Genotype-environment interaction |
| form nodules and are able to convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia | Rhizobia |
| enhances nutrient and water uptake | Mycorrhizae |
| The area an animal normally lives | Home range |
| An exclusive area used and defended by an individual | Territory |
| r-K selection theory | K-selected species: equilibrium species. r-selected species: non-equilibrium species, opportunistic species |
| when an animal eats either other animals or plants | Omnivory |
| Intimate association between species | Symbiosis (living together) |
| Flagellated protozoans with chloroplasts that live in the gastrodermis of corals | Zooxanthellae |
| Early species modify the environment in a way that allows later species to colonize | Facilitation |
| Evolutionary history of relationships among organisms or their genes | Phylogeny |
| The ability of a pathogen to cause disease and death | Virulence |
| The separation or division of a group of organisms by a geographic barrier such as a mountain resulting in differentiation of the original group into new species | Vicariance |
| Ability to withstand the effects of a pathogen | Resistance |
| New populations are different from old population and the change is so much greater than microevolution within a population | Genetic revolution (not in book, he said it in class. verify) |
| reduction of gene flow and allowance for adaptation | Self-fertilization |
| mixing of different species to produce hybrids | hybridization |
| The killing and eating of potential competitors; combination of competition and predation | Intraguild predation |
| Conversion of ammonia into nitrite by Nitrosomonas bacteria. Nitrite is then converted to nitrate by Nitrobacter. | Nitrification (2 step process) |
| when one organism lives inside the other and the two typically behaving as a single organism. | endosymbiosis |
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