Created by Grace Feakes
almost 11 years ago
|
||
Question | Answer |
The brain's outer layer of neural tissue | Cerebral Cortex |
Largest lobe in the brain | Frontal lobe |
Section of frontal lobe which plays large role in speech and language | Left frontal lobe |
What may damage to the frontal lobe affect? (name 3) | Any 3 of: emotions, memory, language, impulse control, social or sexual behaviour |
Functions of the frontal lobe which are particularly vulnerable (name 2) | Any 2 of: capacities for future planning, abstract thinking, controlling impulse |
The section of the brain integrates sensory info from various parts of the body | Parietal lobe |
Where are the parietal lobes located? | Behind the frontal lobe |
Contain primary sensory cortex | Parietal lobe |
The efferent lobe specialise in... | Sending and receiving info from the brain |
Damage to which lobe may affect ability to locate and recognise body parts? | Parietal lobe |
The cortex below the temporal lobe | Insula |
The lobe responsible for understanding speech and complex visual perception | Occipital |
Explain cortical blindness | Inability to see, not due to eye damage but through damage to the temporal lobe |
The role of afferent neurons is... | to keep the nervous system informed about the external world by carrying info in the CNS |
Interneurons are an example of what type of neuron? | Afferent neuron |
The role of interneurons is... | To make local connections within the CNS |
True or false: Interneurons have either very short axons or none at all | True |
True or false: Efferent neurons carry info towards the CNS | False, they carry info outwards from the CNS |
The main processors of the nervous system | Neurons |
The motor cortex... | Directly controls movements |
The sensory cortex is also known as... | The somatosensory cortex |
What occurs as a result of damage to the prefrontal lobe? | Difficulty with memory |
The band of white fatty matter connecting the left and right cerebral halfs | Corpus callosum |
The brain stem the interface between... | The brain and the spinal cord |
The folds the the cerebral cortex | Sulci |
The bumps in the cerebral cortex | Gyri |
The front of the brain is the____and the back the____ | 1. anterior 2. posterior |
The top of the brain is the____and the bottom the____ | 1. dorsal 2. ventral |
The nervous system in cased in bone | Central nervous system (CNS) |
The main function of the peripheral nervous system | To connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, allowing for communication |
The peripheral nervous system is made up of... | Motor and sensory nerves |
Spatial ability | The ability to perceive the construction of an object in both two and three dimensions |
True or false: Someone with neglect syndrome has difficulties with spatial perception | True |
Inability to process/perceive stimuli on one side of the body not due to a lack of sensation | Hemispatial neglect |
Golgi's method of staining | Silver staining technique used to visualize nervous tissue under a microscope |
The concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells is... | Neuron doctrine |
Grey matter | Where neurons and glia cells are found |
An alternative name for cell body | Soma |
Commonly found at the end of an axon | Terminal buttons |
The white fat which coats axons in called... | Myelin sheath |
What is an oligodendrocyte? | A type of glia cell which provide myelin to axons |
The junction between 2 neurons | Synapse |
Glioma | Type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine, arising from glial cells |
Anything inside the neuron is referred to as... | Intercellular |
Extracellular | Anything outside the neuron |
The primary chemical in the nervous system | Sodium (Na+) |
The millivolts of a neuron at its resting potential | -70 mV |
Neuron doctrine | The concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells |
What did Golgi believe? | That the cerebral cortex was made up of one connected neuron |
Where in the brain are neurons and glia cells found? | In the grey matter |
Where neurons receive inputs | Dendrites |
At the terminal buttons_____are released | Neurotransmitters |
Primary cell found in the cerebral cortex | Pyramidal cell |
What would a block in neuron sodium channels result in? | Paralysation |
Without action potential... | We can't breathe or move |
The vagus nerve is attached to which organ? | The heart |
Who gave the first demonstration of neurotransmission? | Loewi |
Neuron releasing the neurotransmitter is called the____neuron | Pre-synaptic |
Neuron receiving the neurotransmitter is called the____neuron | Post-synaptic |
Depolarisation | Cells become less negative |
True or false: excitatory neurons cause the postsynaptic neuron to be less positive | False, it causes it to be less negative |
Inhibitory neurotransmitters makes postsynaptic neuron less likely to____ | Fire |
Neurotransmitters work as____messengers, changing neuron voltage | Primary |
Secondary messengers cause more____term changes than____messengers | 1. long 2. primary |
Methylphenidate is a type of | Cognitive enhancer |
Name a neurotransmitter | Acetycholine |
What neurotransmitter causes your muscles to contract | Acetycholine |
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain | GABA |
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain | Glutamate |
Extracellular has a____charge and intracellular a____. | 1. positive 2. negative |
How can the differences in electrical charge inside and outside the neuron be measured? | With a voltmeter |
True or false: Sodium diffuses into the cell and potassium out | True |
The primary chemical in action potential (extracellular) | Sodium |
Neurons naturally have a____charge. | Negative |
Diffusion pressure | When its more concentrated inside the cell |
How is it possible for sodium to reach the neuron? | Through sodium channels |
When at resting potential, sodium channels are____. | Closed |
When the neuron receives inputs from other neurons... | The sodium channels open |
True or false: During action potential, sodium channels all open at once | False, they open in stages |
Depolarisation | When neurons become less negative resulting in discharge |
Polarization | How far away you are from 0 (an electrical difference across the cell membrane) |
True or False: voltage change becomes less apparent further down the sodium channels | False, change in voltage remain consistent across the channels |
How is the concentration of chemicals inside and outside the neuron balanced? | After sodium goes into neuron, potassium diffuses out |
When stimulated, vagus nerve releases a chemical which causes the heart to____ ____. | 1. slow down |
What is a neurotransmitter? | The broad term for chemicals used by neurons to communicate |
Cognitive enhancers | Boost brain power and alertness |
Name a primary messenger | Nicotinic receptors |
Name a kind of secondary messenger | Muscarinic receptor |
What was acetylcholine previously known as? | Vagusstoff |
What may an antagonist receptor cause? Why? | Paralysis, as it blocks receptors |
Which drugs work through stimulating GABA receptors | Drugs for anxiety |
Nicotine is an____and curare is an____. | 1. agonist 2. antagonist |
Neurotransmitters often activated by drugs of abuse | Catecholamines |
What is the most common form of diabetes? | Type 2 |
Two contributing factors to type 2 diabetes | 1. lack of exercise 2. being overweight/overeating |
The 3 main nutrients in food | Carbs, protein and fat |
What are carbs made from | Complicated sugars |
What is in protein | Amino acids |
Carbs are converted into glucose by... | Enzymes breaking them down |
There is a close relationship between diabetes and____ | Obesity |
Hormone used to store glucose | Insulin |
The stored form of glucose | Glycogen |
What converts glycogen into glucose to be used as energy? | Glucagon |
The____sends signals to the brain to start eating when blood sugar level is____. | 1. liver 2. low |
True or false: Fat cells in our gut produce hormones with long term control over eating | True |
The size of your fat cells depend on... | How many calories you consume and burn off |
Regulates energy intake and expenditure | Leptin |
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus causes... | Starvation |
Ventromedial hypothalamus damage causes you to... | Continue to eat and never feel full |
Where in the hypothalamus is the satiety area found? | The ventromedial hypothalamus |
Metabolic homeostasis | State in which food intake equals energy expenditure |
Metabolic syndrome | Consuming more than the body needs for energy |
Carbs become____when you have too much of them. | Fat |
Using fat rather the carbs produces____ ____instead of glucose. | Ketone bodies |
The Atkins diet involves... | Dramatically cutting out carbs so fat cells are burned instead |
True or false: Those suffering from Alzheimers have larger gyri and sulci | True |
Image:
eeg (image/jpg)
|
EEG electroencephalogram |
State of sleep associated with dreaming | REM sleep |
Capacity to sleep____through age. | Decreases |
How does the EEG monitor look in deep sleep | The waves are longer |
True or false: When sleeping, you go through each sleep stage in turn | False, you cycle between stages |
2 factors which may affect sleeping pattern | Some types of sleeping pills, alcohol |
What is the optimum duration of sleep? | 7 hours |
Where is our body clock located? | The suprachiasmatic nucleus or SCN (in the hypothalamus) |
Why is sleep disrupted in the winter? | There is less light |
Primary hormone associated with the SCN | Melatonin |
True or false: Alzheimer's affects your circadian activity | True |
What is circadian rhythm? | Daily rhythmic activity cycle based on 24-hour intervals |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.