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Flashcards by Samantha Myers, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jsabo
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| Question | Answer |
| 1.1.U1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. | 1. Every cell is surrounded by a membrane. 2. All cells contain genetic material that stores instructions needed for the cell's activities. 3. Many of these activities are chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. 4. Cells have their own energy release system that powers all the cells activities. |
| 1.1.U2 Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. | Life processes that all cells and organisms carry out include the following Mr. H. Gren M- Metabolism R- Reproduction H- Homeostasis G- Growth R- Response E- Excretion N- Nutrition |
| 1.1.U3 Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. | The rate of metabolic reactions is directly proportional to the size of the cell. If the cell is too big it cant obtain nutrients and get rid of waste quickly enough. Volume increase at a higher rate than the surface area (cell membrane). Also important for heat production and loss. The cell may overheat if it can't remove waste products heat faster than can be removed. |
| 1.1.U4 Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. | Cells in multicellular organisms can be viewed as cooperative groups. They can work together and organize themselves without one cell being in charge. The characteristics, thus, of the whole organism are emergent properties which are different than each individual cell on it's own. |
| Synergy Emergent properties | The individual parts are not as important as the whole. Individual cells work together to form a more complex working organism. |
| 1.1.U5 Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. | Division of labor. If cells specialize and they have the same job, we call them tissues. Differentiation is the development of cells to have different functions. |
| 1.1.U6 Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in the cell's genome. | Differentiation occurs by turning off genes while using other genes (which would be different in different types of cells) 220 different specialized cells in humans. Genes create proteins. Cells that have specialized thus create different proteins than a different type of cell tissue. |
| 1.1.U7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development. It also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. | 1. Stem cells can divide again and again to produce large amounts of new cells. 2. Stem cells are not differentiated fully and can be differentiated in different ways Types of stem cells include 1. Totipotent - most useful but most controversial (early embryonic) 2. Pluripotent - second most useful (embryonic) 3. Multipotent - Already mostly specialized (Bone Marrow - only blood cells) 4. Unipotent are already specialized & differentiated all the way. |
| 1.1 A1 Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscles, giant algae and aseptate fungal hyphae. | eklwehjkl |
| 1.1 A2: Paramecium Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. | Paramecium: Eukaryotic, Not photosynthetic, heterotroph. Metabolism: happens in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, Response: Cilia around the cell moves it from the light, Homeostasis: Contractriol vacuole diffusion and osmosis control the concentration of water, Growth: membrane grows until it splits and reproduces, Excretion: waste is excreted through the membrane, Reproduction: Mitosis-Splits in half asexually,Nutrition: engulfed through endocytosis stores food in vacuoles. |
| 1.1 A2: Chlorella Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. | This cell is an algae cell. Metabolism: Mostly occurs in the cytoplasm, Response: Cilia moves the cell mostly based on its environment, Homeostasis: Vacuoles control water in the input and output, Growth: As the cell takes in nutrients the cell grows until it splits in mitosis, Excretion: The membrane is what controls what goes in and out of the cell through osmosis and diffusion, Reproduction: Mitosis occurs when the cell splits in half asexually, Nutrition: Photosynthesis happens in the cell in order to get it's nutrients. |
| 1.1 A3: Stargardt's Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt's disease and one other named condition. | Stargardt's is an inherited disease passed along to children when both parents carry mutations of a gene associated with vitamin A processing in the eye. Parents can carry recessive genetic traits responsible for Stargardt's, even though they themselves may not have the disease. Researchers have found that about 5 percent of the human population carry gene mutations causing inherited retinal diseases such as Stargardt's Stem Cell Treatment: A stem cell treatment has been designed to protect and regenerate photoreceptors in the retina that are damaged by eye diseases like Stargardt's. The stem cells have been tested in animal models of eye disease, chief scientific officer Robert Lanza, MD, said in a company statement released in November 2010. |
| 1.1 A3: Leukemia Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt's disease and one other named condition. See Google Doc Assignment "Use of Stem Cells to treat Stargardt's" | The 2 main types of stem cell transplants differ based on whom the blood-forming stem cells come from. They are named “Allogeneic stem cell transplant” and “Autologous stem cell transplant”. In an allogeneic SCT, the stem cells come from someone other than the patient – usually a donor whose tissue type (also known as the HLA type) closely matches the patient’s. Tissue type is based on certain substances on the surface of cells in the body. n an autologous transplant, a patient’s own stem cells are removed from his or her bone marrow or blood. They are frozen and stored while the person gets treatment (high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation). A process called purging may be used to try to remove any leukemia cells in the samples. The stem cells are then put back (reinfused) into the patient’s blood after treatment. |
| 1.1 A4 Ethics of therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical blood in a new born baby, and adult tissue. See Google Doc Assignment "Ethics of Using Stem Cell Therapy" | Embryonic: Can differentiate into any cell type. -When grown under appropriate conditions, they can remain undifferentiated (unspecialized). -Less chance of genetic damage. Umbilical Cord: -Lower risk of tumor development -Easily obtained and stored. Though limited quantities available. -Umbilical cord is removed at birth and discarded whether or not stem cells are harvested Adult Tissue: -Lower risk of tumor development |
| Skills 1.1 S1: Use of light microscopes to investigate the structure of cells and tissues | Review 1.1 pg 3 and 4 : Focusing, Looking After your Microscope, Types of slides, Examining and Drawing Plant and Animal Cells. |
| 1.1 S2: Drawing cell structures as seen with light microscope. | Review 1.1 pg 5: Drawing cells Use clear connected lines, don't use a ruler unless labeling. |
| 1.1 S3 Calculation of the magnification of drawing, and the actual size of structure show in drawing or micrographs. | Review 1.1 pg 6: Equation/Explanation of Magnification See Calculating Magnification Quiz and Practice Sheet. |
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