3715607
Description
Flashcards by Kyna Ceschini, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kyna Ceschini
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Antibiotic Resistance | |
| How do Bacteria become Resistant? | Selective Pressure, Genetic Mutation, Gene Transfer |
| Selective Pressure | Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain types of antibiotics |
| Genetic Mutation | Most microbes reproduce by dividing every few hours. During replication mutation arise and some of these mutations help microbes survive exposure to an antimicrobial |
| Gene Transfer | Microbes may get genes from each other, including genes that make the microbe resistant |
| Health concerns regarding antibiotic resistance | -Hampers the control of infectious diseases -Increases health care costs -Jeopardizes health care gains (ex. surgery to infections have no more fall back and are more dangerous) |
| How does antibacterial resistance spread | Through animals or people (animals meat and feces, people germs touching and bacterial spreading on objects/environments through breathing) |
| Antibacterial Resistance in Tuberculosis | can be complex and requires more time and more expensive drugs that often have more side effects (spread through air) - popular in poor countries where the drugs are illegal and too expensive for people to get -there antibacterial microbes that are resistant against even the strongest antibacterial drugs (no cure) |
| MRSA | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus a bacteria that Causes a range of illnesses like skin and wound infections and when it reaches the blood it can cause sepsis and death -most common cause of health care associated infections |
| Why aren't antibiotics being made? | -Antibiotics are a short-term treatment, therefore less profiting than long-term treatments -the overuse of antibiotics has made antibiotic resistance a scare for the future (trying to find alternatives) |
| 4 Core Actions to Prevent Antibiotic Resistance | 1. Preventing infections, preventing the spread of resistance 2. Tracking 3. Improving antibiotic prescribing/stewardship 4. Developing new drugs and diagnostic tests |
| Animals contribution to Antibacterial Resitance | -bacteria in their intestines affecting both the meat bought in stores and the produce/wheat (feces as a natural fertilizer that could contain bacteria) |
| Essential Oils and Antibiotic Resitance | -chickens fed oregano, cinnamon, and chili pepper extracts showed that their genes changed - turmeric, shiitake mushrooms, and chili peppers had similar results |
| Advice for Farmers | Look into natural antibacterial solutions - essential oils |
| Vinegar Disinfectant | -Vinegar kills salmonella, E. coli and other “gram-negative” bacteria -The activity is not due to pH alone, and propionic acid also appears to be bactericidal. |
| Gram-Negative | Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation, making positive identification possible. |
| Bactericidal | the agent that prevents the growth of bacteria |
| Bacterial Growth Formula | Q=Qo(2)^t/T |
| t/t | doubling time t=time passed T=time takes to double |
| Qo | initial # of bacteria |
| Q | new # of bacteria |
| LOG | LEARN ON PAPER |
| Minimal Compliance Rate | (1-[1/p])100 |
| Herd Immunity | When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated, this indirectly protects not immunized individuals (dependent on Minimal Compliance Rate) |
| What is HIV/AIDS | destroys blood cells called CD4+T cells, which are crucial to helping the body fight disease. -Weakened immune system and more at risk for different types of infection |
| Vaccine for HIV | There is no particular vaccine for HIV but there are trials going on right now that are succeeding in lowering the rate of HIV infection |
| HIV Mutation | The virus is the most diverse we know of, it mutates so rapidly that people carry millions of different versions of it after becoming infected |
| HIV targets | Immune cells (the things that are meant to kill it) it can hide for years in a host and create a reservoir of potential infection |
| Epidemic | When the number of people who become infected rises well beyond what is expected within a COUNTRY |
| Pandemic | A global disease outbreak -HIV/AIDS -Spanish Influenza -Asian Influenza -Swine Flu -Hong Kong Influenza -Tamiflu |
| Microbial Adaptation and Change | Microbes are constantly evolving -many have high mutation rates (emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria) |
| Influenza | Three types of flu viruses: Type A, B, and C |
| Type A & B flu virus | -causes most of the serious flu epidemics in humans, mammals and birds |
| Type C flu virus | narrower host ranges - are restricted to humans and rarely cause serious health problems |
| H and N | H - 16 different HEMAGGLUTININ proteins N - 9 variations of protein in genetic makeup of flu virus called NEURAMINIDASE Changes occur as a result of point mutations in the virus gene, or due to exchange of a gene segment with another subtype of influenza virus. |
| H (Hemagglutinin) | --contained in a virus to allow it to penetrate a foreign body |
| N (Neuraminidase) | --a protein in the genetic make-up of a flu virus, of which there currently exist nine variations |
| Seasonal Flu (Antigenic ?) | Antigenic Drift |
| Pandemic Flu (Antigenic ?) | Antigenic Shift |
| Antigenic Shift | Emergence of a new virus able to cause a pandemic -no immunity in population -results in pandemics every 10-40 years |
| Antigenic Drift vs Antigenic Shift | |
| ANTIGENIC DRIFT DIAGRAM | Flu vaccinations contain 3 flu strains (2 As and 1 B) Antibodies [attach to virus' antigens] Influenza antigens are mutated, so the antibodies can't latch onto the mutated antigen |
| Characteristics of a Pandemic Flu | -is a global disease outbreak -occurs when a new virus emerges -spreads where people have no immunity -is a disease for which there is no vaccine -spreads easily person-to-person -causes serious illness -sweeps around the world in a short time |
| Antigenic Shift Diagram | enables a flu strain to jump from one animal or human to another happens in 3 ways 1.Bird 2. Human 3. Swine |
| 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic | -in 1918 20%-40% of the population was infected -50 million people died |
| Eradicated | When a disease is eliminated worldwide |
| Smallpox | The only disease worldwide that has been eradicated (last case 1977) -can only pass through humans (making it possible to eradicate) |
| Vaccine Controversy | - vaccines can do more harm then good such as neurological disorders |
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