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Description
Flashcards by Talya Hambling, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Talya Hambling
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what is the relative mass of an electron | 1/1840 |
| Define 'atomic mass' | weighted mass of one mole of an atom divided by a 12th of that of a carbon 12 atom |
| define 'isotopic mass' | weighted mass of one mole of any isotope divided by mass of 12th of carbon 12 atom |
| define 'first ionisation energy' | energy needed to remove one electron from outer shell of an atom, creating a 1+ ion |
| what influences ionisation energy | number of protons, electron, shells and shielding |
| why is there an increase in ionisation energy across a period | more electrons,more protons, so more shielding |
| why is there an energy decrease down a group | more electron shells, so further from nucleus and requires more pull |
| what is afbuas principle | electrons enter the lowest energy orbital available |
| what is the sub shell order | 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p4d |
| how may electrons can each sub shell hold | s-2 p-6 d-10 |
| what are some uses for mass spectrometry | forensic science, drug detection and carbon dating |
| stage one of mass spec | ionisation - bombarded with fast moving electrons, knocking some off, creating 1+ ions |
| stage of mass spec | acceleration - negative plates attract ions, pulling them toward the electromagnet |
| stage 3 of mass spec | deflection - electromagnet field deflects ions around corner. [higher m/z - deflected less, needs more EM field strength] |
| stage 5 of mass spec | detection - computer analysis substances |
| which molecules are diatonic | HNOF-AT hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine,bromine,iodine, astatine |
| how to find abundance form height | use ratio! |
| how to find RAM from abundance | (percentage * mass) + (percentage * mass) --------------------------------------------------------- 100 |
| what are the shapes of s and p orbitals | s - sphere p - dung-bell |
| what is a mole | amount of substance containing 6.02*10(23) number of atoms,molecules or ions. |
| what is metallic bonding | electrostatic force between sea of negative electrons and positive meta ions. |
| what are the properties of metallic bonding | dense, high melting/boiling points, conductive, malleable |
| what is ionic bonding | strong electrostatic force where metal becomes positive, and non metal negative |
| what are the properties from ionic bonding | solid, conduct in liquid and molten, strong, high melting/boiling points, soluble |
| what is covalent bonding | when outer orbitals donate electrons to the shared centre |
| what are the properties from covalent bonding | SIMPLE- low points wont dissolve wont conduct GIANT- high points wont dissolve some conduct |
| rules for solubles | SOLUBLE: ammonium sodium potassium nitrate some chloride some sulphate |
| rules for insolubles | INSOLUBLES: some lead some silver some carbonates some hydroxides |
| how to test for all the gasses | carbon dioxide: limewater milky oxygen: relights splint hydrogen: splint goes 'pop' chlorine: pale green gas, turns litmus white ammonia: turns litmus paper blue |
| flame tests | little children stand yelling potatoes potatoes come read bible of god lithium crimson sodium yellow potassium purple calcium red barium green |
| precipitates with sodium hydroxide | aluminium - white magnesium- white copper - blue iron ll - dark green iron lll - rusty brown |
| precipitate with nitric acid and silver nitrate | chloride - white bromide - cream iodide - yellow |
| with dilute acid | hydrogen carbonate,and carbonates, produce bubbles of CO2 |
| litmus paper with acid and alkali | acid - red alkali - blue |
| what is combustion | between fuel and oxygen COMPLETE: makes carbon dioxide + water INCOMPLETE: makes carbon monoxide |
| what is dissplacement | element displaces lower reactive element - between metals and haogens |
| what is neutralisation: | reaction between acid and base - forms a salt (hydroxide), and water |
| what is precipitation | reaction that produces a precipitate (solid ) |
| what is OILRIG | oxidation is loss (of electrons) reduction is gain (of electrons) |
| adid + metal - | salt +hydrogen |
| acid+ alkali - | salt + water |
| acid + metal carbonate - | salt + water + carbon dioxide |
| what is molar mass | mass of one mole |
| what is molar volume | volume occupied by one mole (24dm or 24000cm) |
| what are the 3 mole equations moles = ... | mass/molar mass volume of gas/molar volume concentration*volume/1000 (only if not already in dm, and in cm instead) |
| steps to work out empirical formula | 1. work out mass of each 2. do mass/RAM for each 3. put into ratio 4. scale down |
| steps to work out molecular formula | 1. work out mass of each 2. do mass/RAM 3. multiply by RAM 4. scale down |
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