3746505
Description
Flashcards by Talya Hambling, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Talya Hambling
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what is a polymer | large complex molecules made form monomer chains |
| give 2 examples of monomers | monosaccharides and amino acids |
| what do all carbohydrates contain | carbon C hydrogen H oxygen O |
| what are carbohydrates made from | monosaccharides (sugars) |
| give 3 examples of a monosaccharides | glucose fructose galactose |
| what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose | the H and OH swap round (alpha = H at the top) |
| what does an alpha glucose look like | remember to number the carbons (C) |
| describe a condensation reaction | when two molecules join to form a new bond, releasing water as they do so. this forms a glycosidic bond |
| describe hydrolysis | when a dissacharide breaks into monosaccarhides |
| name and describe 2 dissaccharides | sucrose - glucose + fructose lactose - glucose + galactose |
| what is a polysaccharide | many monosaccharides joined together with glycosidic bonds, through condensation reactions |
| how to test for starch | add iodine. if it turns blue, there is starch present |
| what is starch used for | energy store in plants, breaks down into glucose |
| what is starch made from | amylose and amylopectin |
| describe amylose | has 1-4 bonds,creates chains |
| describe amylopectin | has 1-4 and 1-6 bonds, creates branched chains and spirals, coils into storage |
| why is starch good for storage | its insoluble so doesn't affect water potential , AND its compact |
| what is glycogen used for | energy storage in animals |
| describe the structure of glycogen | similar to amylopectin, but more branches, its compact, and can release energy really quickly. [1-4 and 1-6 bonds] |
| describe the structure of cellulose | long chains of BETA glucose, linked by hydrogen bonds. has 1-4 bonds, and every other one flips over when bonding. |
| what is cellulose used for | structural support in cells [chains of micro fibrils and fibres, cross over cell wall for support] |
| what is a tryglyceride | one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids joined to it |
| what is the structure of a fatty acid | C, O AND OH with R variable (hydrocarbon tail, which is hydrophobic) |
| what is the structure of a glycerol | |
| what is an ester bond | when glycerol and a fatty acid join, giving off water (H2O) |
| what is the difference between saturated and un- saturated triglycerides. | saturated hydrocarbon tails have no double bonds, whereas un-saturated have at last one double bond |
| what is a phospholipid | similar to a triglyceride but has a phosphate group to replace one of the fatty acids. |
| what is a phospholipid bilayer | 2 layers of phospholipids, with tails facing in, (fatty acids are hydrophobic) and heads facing out (phosphate Is hydrophilic) |
| what do all proteins have | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen AND NITROGEN |
| what are proteins made of | chains of amino acids |
| how many amino acids are there | 20 naturally occurring ones |
| what is the structure of every amino acid | |
| what is a dipeptide | 2 amino acids joined |
| describe a peptide bond | condensation reaction occurs, C joins to N, and gives off H20 |
| describe the primary structure of a protein | the sequence of amino acids, in specific order |
| describe the secondary structure of a protein | hydrogen bonds form to give either an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet |
| describe the tertiary structure of a protein | structure is folded further to form a 3D protein, and other bonds are formed (disulphide, ionic etc) |
| describe the quaternary structure of a protein | final 3D shape, when multiple polypeptides bond together |
| what are some examples of how proteins are used | collagen, antibodies, haemoglobin, insulin |
| describe haemoglobin | 4 chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) highly soluble outside = hydrophilic inside = hydrophobic |
| what is a reducing sugar | a monosaccahride |
| what is a non reducing sugar | sucrose |
| how to test for reducing sugars | add benedict's heat watch colour change from blue to red (if reducing sugars are present) |
| what is magnification | how zoomed in it is |
| what is resolution | similar to pixilation, smallest distance between 2 particles |
| how to work out total magnification | objective lens * eyepiece lens |
| what are the resolving power orders | centimetre, millimetre, micrometre, nanometre |
| how to jump between the resolving powers | cm - mm = *10 mm - um = *1000 um - mm = *1000 |
| compare light to electron microscope | LIGHT - cheap, small, easy to use, no vacuum, but limited resolution and magnification, and stains are often needed to make cells visible ELECTRON - complete opposite! |
| how to find size of cell | use tiny ruler, convert mm to um, count cells across, divide size by number of cells |
| what is the definition of an artefact | something that cant be seen in detail, so is unrecognisable |
| what is an eyepiece graticule | a ruler inside the eyepiece, which needs to be adjusted when the lense is changed |
| how to work out magnification factor | magnification = image/actual REMEMBER TO CONVERT IMAGE SIZE INTO UM (MICROMETERS) |
| what is a eukaryotic cell | a cell that has a true nucleus |
| list all of the membrane bound organelles found in a eukaryotic cell | nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuole, mitochondria, cytoskeleton |
| what are the functions of each organelle | |
| compare eukaryotic to prokaryotic |
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