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| Question | Answer |
| Define Norms | Societies expectations for how we're supposed to act think and look |
| Define Normative | Behaviours, appearances and thoughts that follow societies norms - Influence law and order |
| Define micro level | Individual experiences and personal choices |
| Define macro level | Broader social forces --> Norms, social insitiutions |
| Define Agency | Micro affecting macro --> Choices which affect society |
| Define Sociology | Systematic study of people using the sociological imagination |
| Define Sociological Imagination | - Interconnectedness of micro and macro levels - Underlying force behind society |
| Who was C. Wright Mills? | Had to do with the sociological imagination - Personal troubles and public issues, history and biography (we must understand both) |
| Where did sociology originate? | French Revolution --> Urbanization (more people in smaller space) --> Social issues arised |
| What are the 3 sociological theories? | 1. Positivist (Durkheim) - Explanation and prediction --> relationships between variables, stats + surveys (science experiment) 2. Interpretive - Understanding self + others --> Interactions of people, role culture plays in people + societies 3. Critical - Power and emancipation --> role power plays, freedom from the power |
| Functionalist Perspective/Structuralist (Durkheim) | Positive, macro - Balance - How order is maintained - Manifest functions, latent functions |
| Define anomie | Uncertain about rules in society |
| Conflict Perspective/ Critical (Marx) | Critical, macro - Critical approach to power (social structure + fight for power) - Competition for scarce resources - Small group at top of pyramid controlling resources and structure (so people @ bottom stay there) |
| What is Bourgeoisie Vs. Proletariat | Conflict between owners of production + those employed by the owner (conflict/critical perspective --> Marx) |
| Interactionist Perspective/ Symbolic (Mead, Blumer) | Interpretive, micro - Explaining culture - Meanings through interpretation - Significant others and generalized other |
| Feminist Perspective (Martineau, Stowe) | Critical, micro - macro - Gender studies and roles - Issues with power Radical Vs. Liberal feminism |
| Post Modern Perspective | Critical, macro - Deconstructing nature --> cannot predict human nature - Progress |
| Define empirical methods | Verifiable findings |
| Define systematic procedures | Steps taken to carry out research - organized, methodical, standardized |
| Define sociological reasoning | Combines empirical methods and theory - Concept + variable |
| Deductive Vs. Inductive Reasoning | Deductive: Testing a theory --> Theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation Inductive: Finding a theory --> Observation, pattern, hypothesis, theory |
| Define exploratory research | Research on an unknown topic |
| Define descriptive research | Notes features + characteristics Ex: census data |
| Define explanatory research | Understanding social phenomenons |
| Define evaluation research | Conducted to assess the need for, or effectiveness of a social program |
| Define empowerment research | Key issues within a social setting |
| Define participant action research | Participants t result in practical outcomes 1. Observation (identify issues) 2. Action (strategy put in place) 3. Evaluation |
| What is the sociological research process? | 1. Research question 2. Literature review 3. Narrowed focus 4. Research deign 5. Data collection 6. Data analysis 7. Draw conclusions 8. Report findings |
| What are the 3 principles of the tri-council | 1. Respect for persons 2. Concern for welfare 3. Justice |
| Qualitative vs. Quantitative | Qualitative --> Inductive - Understanding a phenomenon - Interviews, collecting opinions and thoughts Quantitative --> Deductive - Testing hypothesis, numerical data, questionnares |
| Define experiment | Deductive Testing hypothesis in a controlled environment, random assignment to conditions |
| Independent vs. Dependent, Control group | Independent --> Presumed cause, manipulated in experiment Dependent --> Outcome that is measured Ex: People who like cheese Independent: Cheese Dependent: Number of people who like cheese Control Group --> Not exposed to independent (establish what would normally happen) |
| Define surveys | Quantitative, deductive Include questionnaires |
| Define content analysis | Examining messages in texts |
| Define discourse analysis | Multiple methods to critically examine the ways language is used to convey social constructions, and social relations |
| Define historical analysis | Examination of historical forms of data |
| Define ethnography | Studying behaviour in natural settings |
| Define systematic vs. participant observation | Systematic: Watching in natural setting Participant observation: Collecting data while participating in natural setting |
| Define culture | Social environment - ideas, customs, behaviours, and practices |
| Define cultural universals | Common practices shared by all societies - Securing food, shelter, clothing, etc |
| Define material culture vs. non-material culture | Material: Tangible/physical items given meaning in a culture Non- Material: Non tangible items (ex: religion, language, customs) |
| Define social heritage | Cultural world into which children of a particular group are born into |
| Define Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | How language shapes people's world views |
| Define the principle of linguistic determination (sapir) | Language establishes thinking |
| Define linguisitic relativism | Language is used to label and code events (what things mean in a culture) |
| Define folkways, mores, and taboos | Folkways: Informal norms based on acceptable traditions (ex: picking nose in public) Mores: Norms embodied in laws (ex: no stealing) Taboos: Mores with strong moral connotations (ex: incest) |
| Define difference between prescriptive and proscriptive norms | Prescriptive: Rules concerning behaviours we are expected to perform (ex: covering mouth while coughing) Proscriptive: Rules concerning behaviours we are NOT expected to perform (ex: doing drugs) |
| Define emblems | Non-verbal gestures with direct verbal equivalence |
| Define ideal vs. real culture | Ideal: Cultural values a majority of people identify with Real: Real practices people engage in (ex: Canada values equality, however not all groups are treated fairly) |
| Define cultural relativism: | Society's customs and ideas should be understood in the context of that societies opportunities and problems |
| Define ethnocentrism | Belief that ones cultural beliefs and practices are superior to others, and should be considered the "standard" |
| Define subculture | Different traits from mainstream culture - Can belong to more than one subculture Ex: vegetarians |
| Define counter culture | Subculture that strongly opposes mainstream ideas Ex: Hippies |
| Define self concept | Sense of who you are based on similarities and differences compared to others |
| Define biological determinism | Nature --> how the self develops - Controlled by genetics |
| Define sociobiology | Nature --> How the self develops Social behaviour is driven by the need to reproduce + survive Ex: Choosing a male based on power and resources |
| Define behaviourism | Nurture --> How the self develops All behaviour is learned from the environment |
| Define bio-ecological theory of human development | Human development as a dynamic process of many interactions (teachers, parents, friends) |
| List the stages of development of the self (Mead) | 1. Prepatory stage --> imitating others ex: Wave "byebye" 2. Play stage --> Taking on the roles of others ex: Playing house 3. Game stage --> Multiple roles ex: Baseball game |
| Define I vs. Me theory | I = Compulsive, unique Me = Socialized self |
| Define looking glass self theory | Sense of ourselves based on our perception of how others see us 1. We imagine how we appear 2. We imagine how others judge that appearance 3. Incorporate those judgements into our own self concept |
| List and define the agents of socialization | 1. Family: 1st agent 2. School: Knowledge through interacting with teachers, and classmates but also through the official curriculum 3. Peers: Social comparison 4. Media |
| Describe the different theoretical frameworks and how the apply to family as an agent of socialization | Functionalist: Family provides support, and guidance Feminist: Families recreate gender roles --> treatment of children, etc. Conflict: Family is a sight of disagreement Interactionist: Bi-directional influence --> We influence parents, they influence us |
| Define social structure | Framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place |
| Define status | Recognized social position |
| Define role | Behavioural component of status |
| Define ascribed status, achieved status, and master status | Ascribed: Social position given at birth Achieved: Social position we achieve Master: Status that rules all |
| Define role conflict and role strain | Role conflict: Two different roles conflict (ex: exam and work at the same time) Role strain: Role conflicts itself (ex: exam and project at the same time) |
| Define social facilitation | People do better on simple tasks, but worse in the presence of others when individual performance is being tested |
| Define social loafing | Tendency to slack off when not being evaluated |
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