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Description
Flashcards by Ariel Aaron, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ariel Aaron
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Cells | Smallest unit that displays properties of life |
| Multicellar | plants animals fungi |
| Unicellular | amoebas and bacteria |
| Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells | eukaryotic cells are larger prokaryotic cells are older eukaryotic cells have only one nucleus Prokaryotic cells have cells walls |
| Difference between plant cells and animal cells | Plant cells have: cell wall chloroplast central vacuole Animal cells have: mitochondria |
| cytoplasm | region between nucleus an plasma membrane |
| cytosol | fluid inside the cell |
| function of cell wall | protects cell prevents cells from bursting |
| structure of plasma membrane | plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids |
| function of plasma membrane | regulates passage of molecules in or out of cell protects the cell from environment |
| extracellular fluid | found in the extracellular matrix of animal cell |
| molecules in plasma membrane | proteins phosopholipids |
| phospholipid head | hydrophilic likes water |
| Phospholipid tail | hydrophobic does not like water |
| fluid mosaic | many proteins are stuck inside the fluid creating a patchwork look |
| extracellular matrix function | attracts waters to the cell anchors the cell recognition of cell |
| glycolipid | sugar and lipid held together |
| glycoprotein | sugar and protein held together |
| nucleus function | command center of cell protection provides blueprints for building proteins |
| Nucleolus | ribsomomal RNA is produced |
| Chromatin | double helix structure found in the cells that are not divided |
| chromosomes | each chromatin fiber has one chromosome chromatin coils up into chromosome during cell division |
| Ribosomes | synthesizes proteins translates mRNA into proteins and amino acids made of small granules of ribosomal RNA/ proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum function | transport/synthesize molecules fold, transports, package, and modify proteins ribosomes are all over the RER |
| Smooth Endo-Reticulum function | Synthesizes, transports, and stores STEROIDS maintain cell health stores ions= CALCIUM |
| GOLGI APPARATUS function | processes proteins and packages them into vesticles UPS receives, refines, stores, distributes chemical inside cell |
| Lysosomes | Enzymes makes sure toxic chemicals stay in vesticles digest bacterial invaders |
| Vacuole function | storage sacs regulate osomtic pressure trap toxic substances protecting cell |
| central vacuole plant cells | filled with water |
| animal cell vacuole | store nutrients transport material into cell |
| Chloroplasts | perform photosynthesis chlorophyll double membrane |
| mitochondria | energy for cell make ATP membrane is double bonded found in both plant and animal cell |
| endosymbiotic theory | two organelles both mitochondria and chloroplasts are endosymbiotic |
| ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Evidence | mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and make many of their own proteins both replicate independently |
| cytoskeleton | provides structure and support gives cells its shape anchors organelles helps chromosomal movement and separation during cell division |
| micro tubules | allows organelles to crawl and move around inside the cell shipping molecules |
| amoeboid movement | degradation and rebuilding of microtubules allows crawling movement |
| flagella | only human cells with a flagellum: SPERM function : whip back and forth to move molecules through cell |
| Cilla | hairs that help move molecules across the surface of the cell propels protists through fluid human cell where the cilla is found: reproductive tract |
| all about plasma membrane | surrounded by extracellular fluid has a cytosol creates physical isolation, regulate communication with environment and structural support |
| inside the plasma membrane | cholesterol function inside |
| bilayer | is a thin polar membrane made up of two layers of lipid molecules |
| Proteins function in the membrane | makes membrane stiff |
| receptor proteins | allow cell signaling |
| transport proteins | make channel through the phospholipid specific regulate movement of molecules through the membrane |
| recognition proteins | sugars attached allow attacment attract water to cell act as receptors for messages |
| structural proteins | anchor cell to the matrix anchors proteins near the cell membrane links one cell to another |
| cell signaling | receptors and enzymes activation initiates cellular processes |
| impermeable | nothing passes through |
| freely permeable | anything can pass through |
| Cell Membrane is selectively permeable | only some things can pass through |
| What can pass selective permeability | small molecules hydrophobic molecules= lipids polar molecules= Water uncharged molecules=Alcohol |
| What molecules need transport proteins | large hydrophillic Ions |
| diffusion | movement from higher to lower concentration movement of particles from ^^ no energy required |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a membrane needs transport proteins no energy required salt and water attract water |
| facilitated transport | moving molecules against their concentration gradient pump substances into or out of cell |
| active transport | is used to have molecules against their concentration gradient low to high energy is required |
| vesicular transport | large materials moves into or out of cell in membrane vesicles |
| endocytosis | movement into the cell |
| pinocytosis | fluid drinking |
| phagocytosis | food eating |
| excytosis | ejection of materials from the cell |
| hypertonic | more salt in area |
| hypotonic | less salt |
| bioenergentics | processing energy by living organisms |
| energy | capacity to cause change ATP is the source |
| Forms of energy | mechanical chemical light heat |
| mechanical | movement |
| chemical | food |
| light | plants use for food photosynthesis |
| heat | body temperature |
| potential energy | stored energy energy stored in food in the form of chemical energy |
| kinetic energy | released (active energy ) chemical energy in food is released and transformed into mechanical energy |
| external power source provides the energy for life to continue on earth | The Sun |
| first law of thermodynamics | conservation of energy energy is neither created nor destroyed BUT IT CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER |
| second law of thermodynamics law of entropy | when energy is transmitted from one type into another LOSS OF USABLE ENERGY |
| Photosynthetic autotrophs | producers |
| heterotrophs who eat the plants | consumers |
| fungi and bacteria who break down dead animals and plants | decomposers |
| metabolism | chemical energy in the body |
| anabolism | chemical reactions where large molecules are broken down |
| catabolism | chemical reactions where molecules are built up |
| between catabolism or anabolism which one requires energy | anabolism |
| between anabolism and catabolism which releases energy | catabolism |
| between anabolism and catabolism which one uses hydrolysis | catabolism |
| between catabolism and anabolism dehydration synthesis | anabolism |
| hydrolysis | breaking down bonds with the addition of water |
| between anabolism and catabolism which one uses dehydration synthesis | anabolism |
| dehydration synthesis | breaking bonds by the extraction of water |
| What does OIL stand for | Oxidation Is Loss |
| In OIL what is lost? | electrons hydrogen energy |
| What does RIG mean? | Reduction Is Gain |
| In RIG what is gained? | electrons hydrogen energy |
| Catalyst | enzymes are proteins that can speed up reaction |
| how do enzymes speed up reactions | lowering activation energy |
| substrate | the substance the enzyme binds to |
| where does an enzyme interact with substrate | active site |
| induced fit | substrate binds to enzyme and changes shape substrate hugs enzyme |
| competitive inhibition | adding another chemical which blocks the active site... inhibits the reaction |
| Non-competitive inhibition | the inhibitor is binding somewhere else on the enzyme changes shape of active site inhibits the reaction |
| Purpose of cell respiration | to make ATP |
| what is the end result of gycolysis | pyruvate |
| aerobic respiration how many ATP is made | 32-36 |
| anaerobic respiration how many ATP is made | 2 |
| when are electrons carriers loaded | they are loaded during glycolysis transition and citric cycle |
| where do electrons come from for the Electron Transport Chain where do electrons come from to bond to NAD+ or FAD | When glucose comes off energy energy and electrons are released. Every time bonds are cut apart of the glucose energy and electrons are released |
| how does fermentation release CO2 when no O2 is required | pyruvate contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen it rearranges atoms to make CO2 AND Ethanol |
| what is the purpose of acetyl Co-A | needed to perform citric cycle |
| what are the products of glycolysis | 4 ATP 2 NADH |
| what are the products of citric acid cycle | 4 carbons 2 ATP |
| What are the products of Electron Transport Chain | 32 to 34 ATP |
| ATP what does it stand for | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| where does glycolysis take place | cytoplasm |
| where does the citric cycle and electron transport take place | mitochondria |
| what happens in the transition reaction | pyruvic acid moves from cytoplasm into the mitochondria |
| what does the pyruvic acid lose during transition reaction | carbon |
| is oxygen required for transition reaction | no oxygen is required |
| what is the output of transition | acetyl COA 2 carbons |
| where the electron transport chain | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What are the two electron carriers that are produced in the electron transport chain | NADH FADH2 |
| where area are the hydrogens pumped | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| what is hydrogen ion concentration | there is more hydrogen outside the inner mitochondrial membrane than in the matrix |
| what is the turbine channel that hydrogen moves across the membrane | ATP Synthese |
| what is ATP synthese | its an enzyme that makes ATP |
| what is the electron acceptor | oxygen |
| what is the product of the ATP synthase turbine | water |
| why does the transition reaction needs O2 | to release carbon as carbon dioxide |
| why does the electron transport chain need O2` | so the toxic electrons will not be absorbed by the oxygen |
| what happens to pyruvic acid in animal cells | it turns to lactic acid |
| what happens to pyruvic acid in yeast | it turns to carbon dioxide and Ethanol |
| why convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid | to free up Nad+ in order to do gycolysis |
| why do we have to convert pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide | to free up Nad+ in order to do more glycolysis |
| what makes fermentation so that bread can rise | 2 carbon dioxide |
| what makes the fermentation in order to make beer and wine | output of 2 Ethanol |
| why is glycolysis the oldest metabolic pathway | being that the domain archea were here first and they have no mitochondria they had to rely on cellular respiration |
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