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Description
Flashcards by Prarthana Nica, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Prarthana Nica
about 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| aim | if an African parrot could use vocal labels to demonstrate a symbolic understanding of the concepts of 'different' & 'same' |
| sample | one African Grey parrot named Alex who had been involved in prior research on communication & cognition for 10 years |
| what was Alex already familiar with? | colours: blue, green, yellow, rose materials: wood, cork, hide, paper, metallic items responding to verbal prompts |
| operational definition: response | first vocalisation in response to a question |
| categorical labels | 1. colour 2. shape 3. matter |
| why was Alex required to choose from 3 categories instead of 2? | to reduce his chances of responding correctly by guessing- he would have been right 50% of the time this would have reduced internal validity |
| controls used in the task | 1. materials paired by unassociated student 2. list of questions randomised to be unbiased 3. secondary trainer was used in the trials |
| questions asked to prevent fatigue effects | 1. what colour? 2. what shape? 3. how many? |
| results for familiar objects | Alex responded to: 99/129 trials + correction procedures & correctly answered 69/99 for first-trials |
| results for novel objects | Alex responded to: 96/113 for trials + correction procedures & correctly answered 79/96 for first-trials |
| why might Alex have performed better on the novel trials? | he might have been more motivated to receive the objects as rewards (as part of his continuous reinforcement) and investigate them |
| why was Alex trained despite his considerable vocabulary? | so he could respond to questions with a categorical label |
| frequency & duration of training sessions | 2-4 times a week & between 5 mins to an hour |
| training method | model/rival approach |
| what questions was Alex asked during trials? | 1. what's same? 2. what's different? |
| procedure: trial | presented with 2 objects that could differ in 3 categories |
| correction procedure | after Alex's response, the primary trainer repeated the vocalisation if the response was indistinct/incorrect, he was told 'No!', had the obj removed & the trainer turned their head away |
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