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| Question | Answer |
| sociology | systematic study of human society and social interaction. |
| sociological imagination | c. Wright Mills helps us understand the connection between personal experience and larger society |
| Harriet Martineau | perspective involving social progress towards gender and social equality |
| Emile Durkheim | societies are built on social facts, that rapidly change produces strain on society, anomie |
| Anoime | loss of shared values and propose lead to loss of or ineffective use of social control |
| Karl Marx | continuous clash between owners of means of production and the workers-who must sell their labor to survive |
| Max Weber | necessary for individuals to acknowledge own actions |
| functionalist P. | society is stable,orderly system. societal consensus criticism=overlooking the importance of change, out-dated |
| Conflict P. | Continuous power struggle among competing groups: class, race, ethnicity, gender Critic=minimizes the importance of social stability and shared values in society |
| Feminist P. | focus on the significance of gender in understanding an explaining the inequalities between men and women at home, work, politics, laws, culture |
| Symbolic Interactionist P | how people make sense of everyday social interaction through mutually understand symbols. Focuses on Microlevel Critics= Ignores Macrolevel |
| Postmodern theorists P | The need for new ways to view society instead of functionalist, conflict, interactionist P. |
| society | a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations |
| global interdependence | a relationship in which that lives of all people are closely intertwined and any one nation's problems are part of a larger global problem |
| Commonsense knowledge | guides ordinary conduct in everyday life. Equal to a Myth-false notion to perpetuate a belief or theory on inclusive evidence |
| Industrialization | process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade produce to manufacturing and related industries |
| Urbanization | increasing proportions of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas |
| Positivism | August Comte a belief that the world can be understood through the use of scientific inquiry |
| Social Darwinism | Herbert Spencer belief that those species of animals best adapted to their environment survive ad prosper, or die idea of progress adaption |
| Social Facts | Emile Durkheim patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling |
| alienation Class Conflict | -a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and oneself -struggle between capitalist class and working class |
| Who said Sociology should be Value free? | Max Weber |
| theory perspective | -a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and predict -an overall approach to or viewpoint on some subject |
| social consensus | functionalist P -majority of the members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations. |
| instrumentalist tasks expressive tasks Who believed that societies must make provisions for the social needs in order to survive? | -leadership, decision making, employment=father or husband -housework, support child and emotional family needs=mother/wife Talcott parsons |
| Manifest functions Latent Functions | -intended and/overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit -unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants |
| social solidarity | state of having shared beliefs, values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members |
| macrolevel analysis microlevel analysis | -examines whole societies, large scale social structures, and social systems -focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures |
| Which postmodernist believed in the dissolution of TV into life? | Jean Baurillard |
| altruism | behavior intended to help others and done without expectation of personal benefit |
| the 5 ways in knowing the world | Personal experience Tradition Authority Religion Science |
| Empirical Approach: 1)Descriptive Studies 2)Explanatory Studies | answers questions through a direct, systematic collection and analysis of data 1)describe social reality 2)explain relationships, and why events occur |
| Inductive Approach Deductive Approach | -researcher collects and analyzes data and then generates a theory based on analysis -researcher begins with a theory and then collects and analyzes research to test it |
| Quantitative research Process | 1) select and define research problems 2)review previous research 3)formulate hypothesis, construct variables 4)developing the research design 5) collect and analyze data 6)draw conclusions and report findings |
| hypothesis | tentative statements of the relationship between two or more concepts or variables |
| objective | scientists try to ensure their biases and values do not affect their research |
| deductive approach vs inductive approach | |
| reliability | extend to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results |
| validity | extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is measuring |
| replication | repetition of a study = the same results |
| research methods | specific strategies or techniques for conducting reseach |
| experiment | always has an experimental group and control group -lab, natural, field experiements |
| Reactivity | tendency of participants to change their behavior in response to the fact that they know they are being studied |
| Survey respondents | -identical questions asked through interviews or questionnaires -provide data for analysis in interviews or questionnaires |
| field research: | case studies - indepth study of single event, person, or social grouping ethnography - study of life and activities of people by researchers who may live with that group over years |
| field research: unstructured interviews | open-ended interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee |
| secondary analysis | existing material and analyze of data originally collected by others |
| content analysis Cultural artifacts | -systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data for conclusions about social life -products of individual, social organizations, tech., cultural patterns |
| Triangulation | -using more than one means of research, data, perspectives in a study |
| material culture non material culture | physical, tangible creations that member of a society make, use, and share abstract, intangible human creations of society that influence people's behaviors |
| technology | -knowledge, techniques, tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms |
| cultural universals | customs and practices that occur across all societies ex-appearances, activities, intuitions, customs |
| language | a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another |
| Sapir-Whorf-hypothesis | language shapes views of reality of its speakers |
| languages effects-2 things | gender role/identity, race/ethnicity, |
| values | collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture |
| value contradictions | values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive |
| ideal culture real culture | -the values and standards of behavior that people in society profess to hold -the values and standards of behavior that people do follow. |
| norms: prescriptive norms proscriptive norms | -established rules of behaviors or standards of conduct 1)appropriate, acceptable 2)inappropriate, unacceptable |
| formal norms informal norms Sanctions | -written down punishments for violators -unwritten standards of behavior understood by common identity -rewards or punishments for appropriate/inappropriate behaviors |
| Folkways Mores | -informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture -strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences |
| taboos | mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and unmentionable |
| laws-2 types | formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions Civil, Criminal |
| cultural lag discovery Invention | -a gap between the technical development and its moral and legal intuitions -learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized or reshaping existing cultural items into a new form |
| diffusion | transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another |
| subculture | a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some way from larger society |
| counterculture culture shock | -a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms ad seeks alternative lifestyles -disorientation that people feel when encounter cultures radically different from their own |
| cultural relativism | belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards |
| Cultural Capital theory high culture culture | Pierre Boudieu -high culture as a device used by the M/C to exclude the subordinate classes examples of these include classical music, opera, live theater, While the working class (rock concerts, sports, movies,TV, comedys) |
| cultural imperialism | extensive infusion of one nation's culture into other nations |
| what is Culture? | -knowledge, language, values, and customs passed from one generation to the next -essential for individual survival -can be a stabilizing or conflicting source withing the society -material and non material culture |
| Socialization | lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. -humans need it to learn in the early years from social groups and environment |
| degree of physical and human characteristics based on heredity/environment? | -humans are born with unique characteristics or gained through socialization 1)heredity = nature, physical makeup 2)social environment = nurture, how we develop and behave |
| Sociobiology Social isolation/contact | systematic study of how biology affects social behavior -social contact needed to develop the self/self-concept |
| agents of socialization | people ,groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society family, schools, peer group, mass media |
| peer group | a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and similar age |
| self-concept components | -totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves 1) physical self = i am tall 2) active self = i am good at soccer 3)social self = I am nice to others 4)psychological self = i believe in... |
| self-identity | our perception of what kind of person we are gain this info through language, symbols, and interactions with others -we are active agents developing plans to use in society |
| looking-glass self | Charles Horton Cooley way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others. -how families perceive and treat us |
| families | -transmit cultural and social values 1)procreating and socializing children 2)provide emotional support 3)assigning position |
| the school | -teach knowledge and skills; influence self-image, beliefs, values |
| Peer groups | -sense of belonging and self-worth; reinforce cultural norms and acceptable behaviors |
| Mass Media | 1) inform us about world events 2)introduce us to a wide variety of people 3)provide and opportunity to live through characters on TV |
| Role-taking | George Herbert Mead -the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from another's point of view -I=spontaneous/unique, Me=internalized attitudes and demands of society |
| 3 stages of self-development | Mead 1)preparatory 2)play 3) game |
| Cognitive Development | Jean Piaget 1)sensorimotor + object permanence 2)Preoperational 3)Concrete operational 4)Formal operational stage |
| Moral Stages of Development | Lawerence Kohlberg Pre,Post - - Conventional |
| gender socialization | aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female and male in a specific group/ society |
| When does socialization end? | -on going throughout the life time of the individual |
| social devaluation resocialization | -a person or a group is considered to have less social value than another -process of learning a new/different set of attitudes, behaviours |
| total institution | a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of officials who run the institution |
| social interaction | process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships/groups |
| social structure | a stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a particular group or society |
| relative homelessness social marginality | -being housed in a dwelling that fails to meet basic living standards -state of being part insider and outsider in the social structure |
| stigma | -an physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance |
| status status set | -a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, duties -made up of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time |
| ascribed status achieved status master status | -conferred at birth or involuntarily -person assumes voluntarily: personal choice, merit, or direct effort -most important status a person occupies |
| role role expectation role performance | -a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status -a group/society's defined way to perform a specific role -how a person plays the role |
| role conflict role strain | -incompatible role demands placed on a person by two or more statues at a time -incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies |
| -role exit | -when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity |
| Social Groups | consists of 2-more people who interact frequently and share common identity and feeling of interdependence |
| primary group secondary group | -a small less specialized group in which members engage in face-face, emotion based interactions -larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited time |
| social network | a series of social relationships that link an individual to others |
| formal organization | -highly structured group for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals |
| social institution | a set of organized beliefs and riles that establish how a society will strive to meet its basic social needs |
| social institutions: 5 essential tasks | 1)Replacing Members 2)teaching new members 3)Producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services 4)Preserving Order 5)Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose |
| Mechanical Solidarity | Emile Durkheim social cohesion in pre-industrail societies, in which there is minimal division of labour and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds |
| Organic Solidarity | Emile Durkheim social cohesion in industrial societies, in which people perform specialized tasked and feel united by their mutual dependence |
| Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft | Ferdinand Tonnies -a traditional society: social relationships are based on personal bonds of friends and kin, stability -large, urban society: social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized rela. with little long term commitment to group or values |
| Goffman | Civil Inattention and interaction order |
| social construction | process of our perception of reality is shaped by the subjective meaning that we give an experience |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a false belief or prediction that produces a behaviors that makes the originally false belief come-true |
| Ethnomethodology | study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves |
| background expectancy breaching experiments | Harold Garfinkel -shared interpretation of objects and events as resulting actions -different activities to his students to see how breaking the unspoken rules of behaviours created confusion |
| Dramaturgical Analysis Impression management | Goffman -study of social interaction that compares everyday life to theatrical presentation -peoples efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests |
| Feelings Rule | Arlie Hochschild -shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation |
| non-verbal communication personal space | -transfer of information between persons without the use of speech -immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private |
| social control | systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and to discourage deviance |
| deviance | any behaviour, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms in the society |
| crime | an act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms and other sanctions |
| strain theory | Robert Merton people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals |
| illegitimate opportunity structures | Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot get through legitimate channels |
| differential association Theory | Edwin Sutherland -individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate w/ persons who favour deviance over conformity |
| Labelling Theory | william chambliss -deviants are those people who have been successfully labelled as such by others primary deviance(initial act)-> stigmatization -> Deviant self image -> Secondary Deviance (accepts new self, continuing deviance) |
| moral entrepreneurs moral crusaders | -persons who use their own views of right and wrong to establish rules and label others as deviant -public and media awareness campaigns that help generate public and political support for their causes |
| types of crime | 1) street - violent, property, moral 2)occupational/white-collar/corporate - in course of employment, or financial affairs 3)organized - business operation that supplies goods and services for profit 4)political - unethical acts involving misuse of power by gov. officials, or from an outside group to undermine or overthrow |
| Major types of crime reports? victim surveys | -VS = determine crimes not in police reports ex spousal abuse |
| property violence peaks at ages | 15-18 years |
| Social Stratification | hierarchical arrangement of large groups based on their control over basic resources |
| Max Weber - life chances | extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources = food, clothing, shelter, education, health care |
| open system closed system | - the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies are more flexible and influenced by achieved status -boundaries between levels are rigid, people's positions are set |
| Social Mobility | movement of people from one level in stratification to another |
| Intergenerational mobility intragenerational mobility | -social movement experienced by one generation to the next -social movement of individuals within their own lifetime |
| class system horizontal mobility vertical mobility | -stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and work -loss or gain without change -movement up or down in class structure |
| Max webers classes of stratification | 1) Rentiers -wealthy individuals who live off investments and don't work 2)Entrepreneurs - wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals , merchants 3)Middle class 4)skilled labour 5)semi-skilled labour 6)unskilled labour |
| Max Webers - SES | Socioeconomic Status -combined measures that attempt to classify individuals, families, households, in terms of income, occupation, edcuation = class location |
| pink collar occupations | relatively low paying, nonmanual job, semiskilled -often held by women |
| Erik Olin Wright's Class Model | 1) Capitalist class 2)Managerial class 3) small business class 4)working class |
| Consequences of inequality | -difference in income, wealth -access to goods and services -opportunity and life chances - health and nutrition -type of crime commited |
| low-income cutoff | income level which a family may be in straitened circumstances to spend considerably more on basic needs then average |
| Absolute poverty relative poverty | -people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life -people may be able to afford necessities but still are unable to maintain an average standard of living |
| feminization of poverty | trend in women who are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty -single mother, earns less, part time jobs |
| event driven poverty reshuffled poverty multiple jeopardies | - divorce, separation, widowhood -deprivation that follows them regardless of martial status -greater risk of poverty: immigrants, visible minority, disabilities |
| meritocracy David-Moore thesis | -hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and hard work |
| race | category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, basis of real or alleged physical characteristics |
| ethnic group 5 groupings | collection of ppl distinguished, by others or by themselves, on basis of cultural or nationality characteristics 1)unique cultural traits 2)a sense of community 3)feeling of ethnocentrism 4)ascribed membership from birth 5)territoriality, distinct geographic location |
| stereotypes | over generalizations about the appearance, behavior, characteristics of members of particular group |
| scapegoat | a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to hostility/aggression of others |
| authoritarian personality | excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, high level of superstition, rigid, stereotype thinking |
| discrimination | actions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate group |
| Racism | a set of ideas implying superiority of one social group over another on the basis of biological or cultural characteristics, together with power to put beliefs into practice to deny or exclude |
| Overt racism polite racism | -take form of public statements about inferiority of a racial/ethnic group -an attempt to disguise a dislike of others through behaviors outwardly nonprejudicial |
| subliminal racism institutionalized racism | -a form of subconscious racism occurring when there is a conflict of values -made up of rules, procedures, and practices which may directly or indirectly promote, sustain, entrench differential advantage or privilege to dominant ppl |
| ethnic pluralism | co-existence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society (race relations act 1970) |
| Segregation | spatial and social separation of categories of ppl by race, ethnicity, class, gender, or religon -de facto or de jure (Jim Crow Laws) |
| sex | biological and anatomical differences between females and males. |
| sexual orientation homosexuality heterosexuality bisexuality | -individuals preference for emotional-sexual relationships with a person of the -same sex -opposite sex -BOTH |
| gender | culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in meanings, beliefs, practices - femininity and masculinity |
| gender role | attitudes, behaviors, activities that are socially defined as appropriate for sex and learned through socialization |
| gender identity body consciousness | -a person's perception of self as female or male -how a person perceives and feels about his or her body, also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge |
| sexism | subordination of one sex, usually female, based on assumed superiority of other sex 1) negative attitude 2)stereotypical beliefs reinforce prejudice 3)discrimination - an act |
| causes of gender inequality? | economic, political, education discrimination against women -workplace, specific jobs, cut pay, division of labour -declined since 1970 |
| gender bias | consists of showing favouritism toward on gender over the over |
| wage gap | -disparity between men and women |
| Economy | social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |
| primary sector | extraction of raw material and natural resources from the environment |
| secondary sector | processing of raw material into finished goods |
| post-industrial economy | based on the provision of services rather than goods 1)info displaces property 2)workplace shifts from factories to diversification, cut-backs, lay offs 3)traditional boundaries between work and home are being set aside |
| Capitalism | an economic system characterized by private ownership of means of productions, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without gov, interference |
| 4 Qualities of Ideal Capitalism | 1) private ownership of the means of production 2)pursuit of profit 3)competition 4)lack of gov. intervention |
| commercial capitalism | merchants controlled the trade in raw materials |
| industrial capitalism | inventions of steam engine, spinning jenny - led to a change in society |
| socialism | economic system characterized by public ownership of means of production, pursuit of collective goals, centralized decision making -a route to communism (Marx) |
| Ideal Socialism | 1)public ownership of means of production 2)pursuit of collective goals 3)centralized decision making |
| Relationship between gender and work. | Amy Wharton 1) characteristic of housework=women's 2)economic inequality between men and women 3)structural and institutional bases of gender in workplace |
| contingent work | -part-time, temporary work |
| unemployment rate | percentage of unemployed persons in the labour force actively seeking jobs |
| how has globalization effected workers | -competitive = employment of low wage countries -closing of high-wage factories/countries -increased trade |
| kinship | social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption |
| extended family | a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in same household |
| nuclear family | a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives |
| Marriage | legally recognized/socially approved arrangement b/w two individuals carry rights and obligations, involving sex |
| patriarchy matriarchal | -eldest male has authority -eldest female has authority |
| egalitarian | power is shared by the both male and female equally -increased with legal status and education of women -gender role in children is linked to |
| Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons Divisions of Labour- 4 | 1)Sexual Regulation 2)Socialization 3)Economic and psychological support 4)Provision of social status |
| Homogamy | pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, social class |
| dual-earner families second shift | -both partners are in labour force -domestic work that employed women perform at home after there labour job |
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