Flashcards

Science Revision - Year 10

Caitlin Kumala English 3.9Average rating 3.9 out of 5 (7 ratings) 89 cards

Cards in this deck (89)

1Composition ReactionWhen two or more reactants join together to form one new substance.
2CompoundA molecule made of two or more elements.
3Decomposition ReactionWhen or two reactants decompose into smaller substances.
4NeutralisationAcid + Base -> Salt + Water
5Acid-Carbonate ReactionAcid + Carbonate -> Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
6Acid-Metal ReactionAcid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen Gas
7Corrosion/RustingMetal + Water + Oxygen -> Hydrated Metal Oxide
8PrecipitationWhen 2 solutions react together to form an insoluble salt. Equation: AB + CD -> AD + BC
9Chemical ReactionA process that leads to the transformation of a set of chemical substances to another.
10pH scaleMeasures how acidic or basic a substance is. 0-6 Acidic. 7 Neutral. 8-14 Basic.
11CombustionFuel + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
12IndicatorA substance used to determine the pH level of another substance through colour. E.g. universal indicator, litmus, red cabbage
13Exothermic ReactionRelease thermal energy. May be explosive or spontaneous. E.g. Respiration, combustion.
14Endothermic ReactionAbsorb thermal energy. Reactants have less energy than products. E.g. photosynthesis, thermal decomposition.
15Independent VariableWhat the scientist chooses to manipulate. Can't be changed by anything else.
16Dependent VariableTested and measured in an experiment.
17Controlled VariableRemains unchanged and constant.
18ChromosomeA long, tightly coiled molecule of DNA. Located in the nucleus of the cell.
19How many chromosome pairs are there?23 pairs. 46 Chromosomes.
20GeneUnit that is found in a chromosome which codes for specific traits, proteins or acids.
21DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid. Molecule that genes are made of.
22Pairs with Adenine.Thymine.
23Pairs with Cytosine.Guamine.
24AlleleA variant form of a gene.
25DominantAlways expressed when present.
26RecessiveOnly expressed when homozygous.
27HomozygousBoth alleles are the same.
28HeterozygousTwo different forms of the same gene.
29PhenotypePhysical expression of a genotype.
30Genotype.Genetic makeup of a cell.
31MutationChange in a gene, chromosome number or chromosome arrangement. e.g. cystic fibrosis, down syndrome
32DNA Replication1. Parental strands are unwinded.
2. Free nucleotides are used to construct new strands, parental strands used as template.
3. The new strands are rewinded.
33Why does DNA replication have to be exact?If not, it will result in a mutation.
34MitosisA way a cell can be reproduced. Splits to create two identical copies of the original cell.
35MeiosisSplits to form new cells with half the number of chromosomes, produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
36MutagenSomething that causes a mutation. E.g. gamma rays, UV rays
37Advantage of Mutation.Survival of human race, genetic diversity.
38Disadvantage of Mutation.Certain diseases, genetic disorders.
39BiotechnologyThe exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of micro-organisms.
40EvolutionThe change in organisms over time.
41Evidence for Evolution.Fossils, similarities in living organisms, DNA and embryos.
42Natural SelectionBetter adapted organisms survive and reproduce more successfully, weaker organisms are bred out.
43Law of SuperpositionIn any undisturbed sequence of rock layers, the youngest is on the top and the oldest at the bottom.
44Conditions for Fossil FormationRapid burial, slow decay, sediments.
45Plate TectonicsTheory that the Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle.
46Plate BoundaryWhere two plates intersect.
47Continental DriftTheory that continents are found on plates that continually move around the earth's surface.
48Sea Floor SpreadingTheory that proposes the middle of the ocean is spreading apart.
49Mid-Ocean RidgeA mountain range formed underwater between two tectonic plates that are spreading apart.
50Subduction ZoneWhere one tectonic plate is pushed downwards under another.
51Strike-Slip ZoneWhere oceanic and continental plates slide past each other.
52FaultFracture in rock where movement has occurred.
53FoldingWhen an originally horizontal rock bed has been bent or curved as a result of pressure
54Convergent BoundaryTwo plates move towards each other.
55Divergent BoundaryTwo plates move away from each other.
56Transform FaultTwo plates slide past one another. Earthquakes are regular.
57TrenchWhere two oceanic plates have met and been pushed downwards.
58EarthquakeA sudden movement of the earth's crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity.
59Volcanic EruptionThe sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material.
60CycloneA low-pressure system that rotates inwards.
61Mercalli and Richter Scale difference.Mercalli measures based on observed effects. I to XII. Richter measures based on seismic waves. From 2.0 to 10.0+. A 3.0 earthquake is 10 times stronger than a 2.0 earthquake.
62Newton's First LawAny object will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted on by an unbalanced motion.
63Newton's Second LawThe change in motion produced by an unbalanced force depends on the force and the mass of the object.
64Newton's Third LawTo every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
65VelocitySpeed and direction of motion.
66DisplacementThe change in the object's position in a straight line + direction.
67AccelerationChange in velocity over time. Measured in ms-2
68DistanceHow much ground an object has covered during its motion.
69GravityAn attractive force that acts between all objects that have mass.
70MassThe amount of matter in an object. Measured in kilograms.
71WeightA force that changed depending on gravity. Measured in Newtons.
72AstronomyThe study of celestial objects.
73Types of electromagnetic radiationRadio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays.
74Solar SystemA sun or star with a set of planets orbiting around it.
75GalaxyGravitationally bound group of stars.
76StarA large ball of gas that undergoes a nuclear reaction to produce its own energy.
77NebulaA large cloud of gas from which stars are formed.
78TelescopeAn instrument that magnifies an image of the sky.
79Artificial SatelliteAn object put into orbit around a planet or the sun by humans.
80White DwarfThe hot, dense core that remains after a small star has died.
81Red GiantThe stage of star's life when its helium core collapses.
82Black HoleA region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape.
83SupernovaA huge explosion caused by the iron core collapsing.
84PulsarA celestial object, thought to be a rapidly rotating neutron star, that emits regular pulses of radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation.
85Birth of a Star1. A star is born in a nebula.
2. The nebula slowly contracts under its own gravity and a clump of matter forms inside the cloud.
3. The clump collapses inward, becomes more dense, gets compressed and heats up.
4. Nuclear reactions start. Hydrogen fuses with helium to make the star shine.
86Death of a Star1. Once the hydrogen is used up, the helium core collapses and the outer layer expands and cools. Becomes a Red Giant.
2. Depends on the size of the star.
87Death of Small StarAfter it becomes a red giant, its outer layer drfits away into space. It is now a white dwarf. It eventually cools and stops shining -> Black Dwarf.
88Death of a Massive StarAfter it becomes a red giant, nuclear reactions in the helium core continue and form other elements around an iron core. The iron core collapses and causes a supernova. A neutron star remains.
89Death of a Really Massive StarNuclear reactions cause a supernova, it becomes a neutron star, then the neutron star collapses and becomes a black hole.