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| Question | Answer |
| ________ among cells is a hallmark of multicellular organisms occurs in 3 distinct stages | communication |
| cells in a multicellular organism communicate by means of ____ molecules that bind to receptor proteins | ligand |
| endocrine signaling involves the release of signal molecules called ____ | hormones |
| adjacent cells can signal others by direct contact, while nearby cells that are not touching can communicate by release of _____ signals | paracrine |
| the long distance communication systems use hormones and ________ | channels |
| chemically gated ion ____ open or close when signal molecules bind to the channel, allowing specific ions to diffuse thru the channel | channels |
| enzymatic receptors typically activate intracellular proteins by _____ | phosphorylation |
| a small number of surface receptors can ultimately generate a large intracellular response as each step is often expanded by signal _____ | amplification |
| turning off a pathway is done with ____ that removes phosphates from active kinases | phosphatases |
| hormones that can cross a cell membrane and interact with receptors in the cytoplasm are typically _____ | nonpolar |
| protein ____, enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins are part of the transduction phase in cell signalling | kinases |
| located on the cell membrane or within the cell are ____ proteins, such as the G-protein coupled or tyrosine kinase | receptor |
| cyclic AMP and calcium ions are often used within a cell as | secondary messengers |
| the cells of multicellular organisms use a variety of molecules as signals which are | amino acids, proteins, GTP, steroids, and dissolved gasses (NO) |
| name the steps in which a cell responds to a signal molecule | chemical attraction guides signal to receptor, binding to receptor, change in receptor protein's shape, receptor causes change in cellular activity |
| signals with short lived LOCAL effects are called | synaptic signals |
| chemically gated ion channels do not have | genes encoded in them |
| G-protein coupled receptors DON'T respond to | non-polar signal molecules |
| most receptors carry the signal molecule's message into the target cell by utilizing substances in cytoplasm called | kinases and second messengers |
| what are two examples of second messengers? | cAMP and calcium ions |
| a small number of surface receptors can generate a large intracellular response, as each step of the pathway is often expanded by | signal amplification |
| each G-protein coupled receptor passes through the plasma receptor how many times? | seven times |
| name examples of cell signaling | fight or flight response, metamorphosis, puberty, fur color change |
| a long term change in cell activity is a characteristic of | a nuclear response |
| reaction to a neural impulse resulting in a muscle contraction is a characteristic of | a cytoplasmic response |
| involving a change in gene activity and protein production is a characteristic of | a nuclear response |
| utilizing phosphatases to turn the response off is a characteristic of | both a cytoplasmic and nuclear response |
| involving a receptor molecule that may be in the membrane or the cytoplasm is a characteristic of | both a cytoplasmic or nuclear response |
| being able to be modified by pharmaceutical drugs is a characteristic of | both a cytoplasmic or nuclear response |
| bacteria divide by binary ____ in which the cell divides into two nearly equal halves | fission |
| DNA coiled around histone proteins makes a complex known as | a nucleosome |
| most eukaryotic cells go through a repeating process of growth and division referred to as the | cell cycle |
| the accommodation of very long DNA fiber in a limited space is achieved by coiling around beads of histones in repeating subunits. This is called | chromatin |
| each chromosome has a region called the ____ somewhere between the two ends where attachment of 2 sister chromatids occurs | centromere |
| _____ is the portion of the cell cycle where the cell grows, copied DNA, and prepares for reproduction | interphase |
| prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the ____ of the chromosomes | condensation |
| the stage of mitosis characterized by the the separation of sister chromatids is called | anaphase |
| the process of mitosis is regulated by ____ and their dependent kineases | cyclin |
| if a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes its called | haploid |
| the physical map of the array of chromosomes is called | a karyotype |
| by the end of this phase of mitosis, the centromere joining each pair of sister chromatids is attached by microtubules to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus | prometaphase |
| the physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called | cytokinesis |
| ____ and ____ are maintained by cell division | growth, reproduction |
| the primary bacterial genome exist as a | single, circular, uncoated, double stranded DNA molecule |
| the number of chromosomes characteristic of eukaryotes, in general | vary from 2 to 100s in different species |
| eukaryotic chromosomes are coasted with proteins containing a high proportion of amino acids. these are called | histones |
| in the human, body cells contain two sets of chromosomes totalling | 46 |
| the two copies of each chromosome in body cells are called | homologous chromosomes |
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