4174998
Description
Flashcards by brehliekanne, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by brehliekanne
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Shapes of prokaryotic bacteria | coccus bacillus coccobacillus spirochete spirillium pleomorphic vibrio |
| Prokaryotic Bacteria Cell Arrangements | diplococci pallisade streptococci staphylococci tetrads sarcinae |
| 3 Methods of Prokaryotic Bacteria Reproduction | binary fission budding/fragmentation sapping division |
| Archaea | Dont cause disease Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan cell memb. linked lipids= extra stability similar to eukaryotes methanogens found in extreme environments |
| Extreme Environments for Archaea | halophiles thermophiles hyperthermophiles psychrophiles |
| Viruses | nonliving very small acellular have genetic material different form outside body than inside |
| Virions | Extracellular form of viruses has a protein coat- capsid protein subunits- capsomeres nucleic acid and capsid- nucleocapsid some have phospholipid envelope |
| Intracellular form of viruses | Called a virus no capsid exists as a nucleic acid as it leaves cell, it takes a part of host cell membrane and uses it to infect another cell |
| Genetic material of viruses | classified by type of DNA they contain nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA (ds or ss) linear and composed of several segments single and circular much smaller than genomes of cells |
| Viral envelope | found in animal viruses acquired from host cell phospholipid bilayer and proteins |
| Spikes | virally encoded glycoproteins |
| Role of viral envelope and proteins | aide in host recognition |
| Bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| Viral Replication | dependent on hosts' organelles and enzymes to produce new virions replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host |
| Lytic Replication | Replication involving death and lysis of host cell Stages: 1. attachment 2. entry 3. synthesis 4. assembly 5. release |
| Lysogeny | Viral DNA gets incorporated into host chromosome May carry genes that change host's phenotype (toxins or enzymes) |
| Transduction | viruses can carry genes from one bacterial cell to another |
| Capsid Shapes | helical polyhedral complex |
| Types of Metabolism | catabolism and anabolism oxidation and reduction ATP production and energy storage enzymes in metabolism |
| Catabolism | phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 1. substrate level phosphorylation 2. oxidative phosphorylation 3. photophosphorylation |
| Anabolism | spending energy to make more complex proteins |
| Make up of a protein enzyme | inorganic cofactor coenzyme (organic cofactor) apoenzyme (protein) whole thing is called a holoenzyme |
| Influences on enzyme activity | Temperature pH Salt concentration Substrate and Enzyme concentrations Presence of Inhibitors |
| Inhibitors | block/inactivate active site |
| competitive inhibitors | bind to active site |
| noncompetitive inhibitors | bind to allosteric site and change shape of active site |
| Negative feedback inhibitors | excess product binds to first enzyme to stop process |
| Not strictly inhibitors | metals bind to other regions of enzyme, resulting in change of shape bind to some hydroxyl groups and destry tertiary structure of overall enzyme |
| Carbohydrate Catabolism | glucose used most commonly, but some bacteria cannot use glucose |
| Aerobic Cellular Respiration | In cytoplasm: glycolysis oxidation of pyruvate Kreb's cycle In Cell Membrane: ETC O2 reduced, H2O formed, H+ ions get pulled in and pushed out |
| Anaerobic Cellular Respiration | No Oxygen used Inorganic Electron Acceptors (iron, sulfur, nitrate, CO2) Amount of ATP made varies Waste is NOT H2O and needs to be excreted by the cell |
| Alternatives to Glycolysis *Embden Meyerhof Pathway | Yield fewer ATP Reduce coenzymes Yield metabolites needed in anabolic pathways Two Pathways: Pentose- Phosphate Entner-Duodoroff Pathway |
| Pentose-Phosphate Pathway | NADH- plays role in DNA/RNA synthesis ATP Precursor metabolites |
| Entner-Doudoroff Pathway | used by only a few bacteria NADPH- coenzyme of enzymes used to synthesize DNA ucleotides, steroids and fatty acids ATP precursor metabolites |
| Glycolysis | produces two ATP |
| Krebs Cycle | 2 ATP NADH |
| Electron Transport Chain | series of redox reactions |
| Fermentation | Partial oxidation of sugar oxygen not used utilizes glycolysis NADH never goes to ETC Pyruvic acid not broken down to energy 2 ATP per glucose needed to keep glycolysis doing converts pyruvic acid into another compound in order to regenerate |
| Microbial Growth | increase in number |
| Requirements for microbial growth | sources of carbon, energy and electrons nitrogen requirements- in proteins O2 requirements vary other chemicals |
| CO2 | source of carbon energy for autotrophs |
| Microaerophiles | grow best with reduced oxygen concentration |
| facultative anaerobes | aerobically respire if oxygen is present, but can switch and ferment if needed |
| Aerotolerant Anaerobes | dont use O2, but can stand its presence |
| Capnophiles | require high CO2 and low O2 |
| Growth factors | vitamins, certain amino acids, purines, pyrimadines, NADH, heme, etc. |
| Psychrophiles | 0-20 degrees celsius |
| Mesophiles | 15-45 degrees celsius |
| Thermophiles | 45-70 degrees celsius |
| Hyperthermophiles | 65-100 degrees celsius |
| Osmotic pressure | bacteria will crenate in hypertonic solutions Restricts organisms to certain environments (facultative and obligate halophiles) |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | water exerts pressure in proportion to depth deeper= higher barometric pressure ex barophiles |
| Quorum sensing | density dependent responses, if a certain chemical density is reached, a new action is triggered |
| Colony Morphology | shape, margin, pigmentation, elevation, margin, size, texture, appearance, optical property |
| Media | must be sterile liquid or solid must contain nutrients and conditions required by particular organism proper incubation temp |
| Defined Media | know exactly all ingredients |
| Complex media | dont know all ingredients exactly |
| Selective media | Is bacteria in there? is it gram negative? |
| Differential Media | Metabolic info |
| Anaerobic media | Solid: poke bacteria in bottom of test tube full of media Broth: reducing media (ex: thioglycolate) Candle Jar Gas Pack System |
| Saving Cultures | Refrigeration- short term Deep freezing- long term- glycerol- 80 c Lyphophilization- flask with powder in super chilled under vaccuum |
| Generation time | time required for pop. to double N(# of cells) x 2^(# generation) |
| Phases of bacterial growth | Lag phase Log Phase Stationary Death |
| Lag phase | figure out where they are and what they've got to work with. NO increase in # |
| Log phase | phase needed for gram stain |
| Leeuwenhoek | first to observe microbes in pond water |
| Eukaryotes | fungi protozoa algae helminths |
| Prokaryotes | Bacteria Archaea |
| Pasteur | disproved spontaneous generation proposed biogenesis |
| biogenesis | all life derived from some pre-existing cell |
| Koch | developed way to grow bacteria in pure culture created postulates for associating organism with disease |
| Gram | developed gram stain isolation of bacteria |
| Semmelweis | hand washing |
| Lister | sterilized surgical tools |
| Nightingale | pioneer of sanitation founder of modern nursing |
| Jenner | developed small pox vaccine |
| <1% | percent of microbes that cause disease |
| Gram Negative | thin peptidoglycan outer membrane Lipopolysaccharide and lipid A porins periplasmic space Gram stain pink typically more resistant to antibiotics |
| Porins | transport proteins in outer membrane that are allow for the passage of specific molecules |
| uniport | one molecule in/out |
| antiport | two molecules in opposite directions |
| Symport | two molecules in same direction |
| group translocation | chemically modified as soon as they enter port, membrane impermeable to altered form |
| 70s ribosomes | prokaryotes |
| 80s ribosomes | eukaryotes |
| Gram positive rods | form endospores |
| Endospore | Core- DNA, RNA, proteins, dipicolinic acid, calcium Cortex- 2 membranes w/ peptidoglycan in between Spore Coat- layers of keratin-like protein |
| Slime Layer | mostly polysaccharides and some protein, unorganized, water soluble, loosely attached, prevents drying, allows attachment, traps nutrients |
| Capsule | mostly polysaccharides with some proteins, highly organized, tightly adhering to cell, prevents drying, helps escape phagocyte |
| pellicle | floating biofilm |
| runs | counterclockwise rotation (positive chemotaxis) |
| tumbles | changes in direction, clockwise rotation (negative chemotaxis) |
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