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| Question | Answer |
| What is a keystone species? | a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. |
| What is an indicator species? | a species whose abundance in a given area is believed to indicate certain environmental or ecological conditions or suitable conditions for a group of other species. |
| What is standard deviation? | a quantity calculated to indicate the extent of deviation for a group as a whole. |
| How do you calculate standard deviation? | 1. Calculate variance as the average of the squared differences from the Mean 2. Square root this value to obtain deviation |
| What is standard error? | estimates the variability between sample means that you would obtain if you took multiple samples from the same population. The standard error of the mean estimates the variability between samples whereas the standard deviation measures the variability within a single sample. |
| Explain ways species differentiate and exist from process: | 1. Location: Geological and geographic factors isolate species in space and time. Some of these factors in history were glaciation and tectonic movement. Its movement also depends on factors such as whether it has the ability of flight and how mobile it is. 2. Abiotic Survivability: LIGHT: photosynthesis, heat. ATMOSPHERE: air, wind, gases. LITHOSPHERE: rock, sand, minerals, nutrients. HYDROSPHERE: water, salinity 3. Spatial patterns: precipitation, solar insolation, win |
| What is a biotic-factor? | an influence or effect created by an organism; an effect of an organism's actions within an environment. |
| What is a abiotic-factor? | pertaining to any non-biological factors that play a role in an organism's environment; non-living environmental factors. |
| Explain some biotic relationships: | Mutualism (+/+), Commensalism (+/0), Predation (+/-), Parasitism (+/-), Amensalism (-/0), Competition (-/-) |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. |
| Describe some factors affecting biodiversity: | Taxonomy (naming & describing species) Systematics (what ‘group’ does it belong to) Phylogeny (evolutionary path) |
| Who is Linneaus? | - Father of modern taxonomy - Invented binomial system |
| How do you read a triangular phylogenetic tree? | |
| What is a eukaryote? | A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes belong to the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. |
| What is a prokaryotes? | A microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. |
| What is a chordate? | Features: - hollow dorsal nerve cord - supportive notochord - pharyngeal gills - post-anal tail |
| Define the Bray-Curtis method | statistic used to quantify the compositional dissimilarity between two different sites, based on counts at each site. As defined by Bray and Curtis, the index of dissimilarity is: |
| How do you calculate population evenness? | 1. Count the total number of individuals. This is N. 2. Count the total number of species. This is S. 3. For each species, count the number of individuals. These are ni. In this notation, n is the number of individuals of a given species and i is an index that means you repeat the calculation once for each each species. 4. For each species, calculate its proportion of the total individuals, ni/N. 5. Multiply each proportion in the step above by its natural log (ln). This is (ni/N) x ln(ni/N). 6. Add up all the values in the step above, then subtract the total from 0. This is H’, the Shannon Diversity Index for your site. Congratulations! You’re nearly there! 7. Use H’ to calculate Pielou’s Evenness by dividing H’ by the natural log of the number of species, ln(S). This is J’. |
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