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| Question | Answer |
| non verbal communication. what is non verbal communication? | non verbal communication is communication that does not require the use of words or vocal sounds, it is communication through things such as facial expression. |
| what is verbal communication? | verbal communication is communication that requires the use of words or vocal sounds e.g. talking to someone or simply making a disapproving grunting noise. |
| what is meant by the term 'paralinguistic'? | spoken communication that does not involve words this is concerned with how words are spoken. volume tone of words, the speed, the intonation and emphasis. |
| what is meant by the term 'emphasis'? | Giving prominence to some words more then others. |
| what is meant by the term 'tone of voice'? | the way words are spoken to convey emotion. |
| what is meant by the term 'intonation'? | intonation in the voice when speaking (the way words are said) the pitch of words. |
| Davitz and Davitz (1961) | Aim of the study: To see effect of paralinguistic on the assessment of emotion. Method of the study: Participants were asked to listen to tape recordings of the same message delivered in different ways they were asked to assess the speakers emotion from the paralinguistic cues: tone of voice, emphasis and intonation. the results of the study: there was very high level of accuracy in recognising these emotions: affection, amusement, disgust and fear. the conclusion stated that: paralinguistic's has a great importance when judging emotion. |
| Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour (1971) | Aim of the study: To see if tone of voice has any effect when interpreting a verbal message. they wanted to see how important tone of voice might be. method of the study: participants were allocated to one of four different conditions: con1: friendly message spoken in friendly tone. con2: hostel message spoken in hostel tone. con3: friendly message spoken in hostel tone. con4: hostel message spoken in friendly tone. results of the study: when participants were asked to interpret the messages, it was found that tone of voice had about five times the effect of the verbal message itself. |
| evaluation of Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour (1971) | strengths: lab experiment- controls extraneous variables- high in validity. independent measures design- won't get bored or try guess the aim of the study. weakness: not true to real life- low in ecological validity- lab experiment will be low in eco validity. lab experiment- high in demand characteristics- participants will try to guess the aim to please the researcher. independent measures design- time consuming. |
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