4251695
Description
Flashcards by Ele Vassanelli, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ele Vassanelli
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Movement | is an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change in position or place |
| Respiration | is a chemical reaction in cells that break down nutrient molecules and releases energy for metabolism |
| Sensitivity | is the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses |
| Growth | is a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both |
| Reproduction | is the process that makes more of the same kind of organism |
| Excretion | is the removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cell including respiration) toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements |
| Nutrition | is the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water |
| Species | are a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offsprings |
| Binomial system | is an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species |
| Tissue | is a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function |
| Organ | is a group of tissues, working together to perform a specific function |
| Organ system | is a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions |
| Diffusion | is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of their random movement |
| Osmosis | is the net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential through a water potential gradient |
| Active transport | is the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration |
| Catalyst | is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction |
| Enzyme | is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst |
| Photosynthesis | is the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light |
| Limiting factor | something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes |
| Ingestion | is the taking in of substances eg. food and drink into the body through the mouth |
| Mechanical digestion | the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules |
| Chemical digestion | the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules |
| Assimilation | the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells |
| Absorption | the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood |
| Egestion | the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as feces, through the anus |
| Transpiration | loss of water vapor from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapor through stomata |
| Translocation | Movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from regions of production (source) to a region of storage or to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink) |
| Pathogens | Disease-causing organisms |
| Transmissible disease | disease in which the pathogens can be passed from one host to another |
| Active immunity | Defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body |
| Aerobic respiration | Chemical reaction in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy |
| Anaerobic respiration | chemical respiration in cells that breakdown nutrient to release energy without using oxygen |
| Deamination | the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea |
| Synapse | a junction between two neurones |
| Sense organs | groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals |
| Hormone | chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs |
| Homeostasis | the maintenance of a constant internal environment |
| Gravitropism | response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity |
| Phototropism | response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming |
| Drug | any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body |
| Asexual reproduction | a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent |
| Sexual reproduction | a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other |
| Fertilization | the fusion of gamete nuclei |
| Self-pollination | the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or different flower on the same plant |
| Cross-pollination | transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species |
| Sexually transmitted infections (STI) | an infection that is transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact |
| Inheritance | the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation |
| Chromosome | a thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes |
| Gene | a length of DNA that codes for a protein |
| Allele | a version of a gene |
| Haploid nucleus | a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, e.g. in gametes |
| Diploid nucleus | a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes, e.g. in body cells |
| Mitosis | nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells |
| Meiosis | reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells |
| Genotype | the genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the alleles present |
| Phenotype | the observable features of an organism |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles of a particular gene |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene |
| Dominant | an allele that is expressed if it is present |
| Recessive | an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present |
| Sex-linked characteristics | a characteristic in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome and that this makes it more common in one sex than in the other |
| Variation | Difference between individuals of the same species |
| Gene mutation | Change in the base sequence of DNA |
| Adaptive feature | an inherited functional feature of an organism that increases its fitness |
| Fitness | the probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in the environment in which it is found |
| Adaptation | the process, resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations |
| Food chain | showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer |
| Trophic level | the position of an organism in a food chain, food web, pyramid of numbers or pyramid of biomass |
| Food web | Network of interconnected food chains |
| Producer | an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis |
| Consumer | an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms |
| Herbivore | an animal that gets its energy by eating plants |
| Carnivore | an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals |
| Decomposers | an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material |
| Population | a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area, at the same time |
| Community | all of the populations of the different species in an ecosystem |
| Ecosystem | a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together, eg. a decomposing log or a lake |
| Genetic engineering | a changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individuals genes |
| Sustainable development | development providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment |
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