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| Question | Answer |
| How did Europeans treat their First Nations allies? | They used the land the First Nations did not want, helped with their wars, and traded valuable goods. |
| How did Europeans treat their First Nations enemies? | They took First Nations land and fought in wars against them. |
| How did Europeans spread smallpox to First Nations? | Accidentally: brought from Europe, spread through trade On Purpose: intentionally infecting blankets to eliminate tribes. |
| Who are the Metis and why were they important? | The Metis had one European and one First Nations parent. They grew up speaking both languages, and merged both cultures in a unique way. The Metis were the interpreters and guides that were crucial to the Fur Trade. |
| What is the Hudson's Bay Company? | Originally a British Fur Trade Company. They were granted a monopoly over Rupert's land. All the land and water was connected to Hudson's Bay. |
| What was the fort system? | HBC would set up forts along waterways. The First Nations would bring their furs to the forts to trade. |
| What were the advantages of Hudson's Bay? | 1. Easy for First Nations to get to forts 2. Thick beaver fur in the area 3. Ships could enter and exit quickly to transport goods |
| How did French Traders compete with the British? | The Courer de Bois would trade with First Nations before they got to British forts, which made the British copy French methods, as well as move West. |
| What were the British territories? | 1. Newfounland 2. Rupert's Land 3. The Thirteen Colonies (USA) |
| What was Newfoundland used for? | Fishing |
| What was Rupert's land used for? | Fur Trading (Forts) |
| What were The Thirteen Colonies used for? | Colonies and Farming |
| Who came to the 13 Colonies and why? | - Farmers came to farm corn, wheat, and tobacco because there was no land left in Britain - Different religious groups (Quakers, Puritans, Baptistes) came because they had the freedom to worship in their own way |
| What were the differences between New England/New France? | Warm/Cold climate Long/short growing season Poorer/Best furs |
| What were the different resources in New France and New England? | New France: Fur New England: Fur, Fish, Farmland |
| Who represented the church in New France? | Catholic church represented by nuns, priests, and missionaries. |
| What services did the church provide? | Colonists paid tax (tithe) Church held mass, ran hospitals, taught school, and helped the poor. |
| Who was Marguerite d'Youville? | A nun who founded many hospitals in New France and a religious order called the Grey Nuns. |
| Who were the missionaries? | Members of the church sent to convert First Nations to Catholicism. The main group was the Jesuits, or "soldiers of Christ". They lived with First Nations tribes, learned their language and culture, and were some of the only people in Canada who could read/write. They wrote the history we use today. |
| What is a fad? What was the fad in the 1600s? | Fad: an intense, widely shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived. The fad in the 1600s was Beaver Hats! People came to Canada for fur! |
| Why did people want beaver hats? Why were they so valuable? | Beaver hats were a symbol of social status. People put beaver hats in their wills, and they even bought property with them! |
| Who was involved in the French Fur Trade? | 1. First Nations 2. Courer de Bois 3. Merchants |
| What role did First Nations play? | Gathering furs and helping Europeans survive. |
| What role did merchants play? | Brought trade goods from Europe and furs back to Europe. |
| What role did the Courer de Bois "runners of the woods"/Voyageurs play? | Found First Nations tribes, learned their language and culture, and traded with them. This was the easiest way to make money in New France. |
| What was the barter system? | There was no set price on anything, and both parties negotiated until they found a price they could both agree on. |
| What was the government like in Old France? | An absolute monarchy in which the king controls everything and took advice from the wealthy and the church sometimes. |
| What was the government in New France like? | The Sovereign council with three members (governor, intendant, bishop) chosen by the king. |
| What were the roles of the governor? | - Most powerful - Represented the king - In charge of the army and external relations |
| What were the roles of the intendant? | - Kept colony in order - Made sure they were not reliant on France -Made colony profitable for France |
| What were the roles of the bishop? | - Head of the church - Provided spiritual guidance -Look after schools, hospitals, orphanages |
| What were living conditions like for the common people in Old France? | - Farmed land of Noble people in exchange for protection, shelter, and food - Could not move up in social status |
| What was the seigneurial system for? | Creating Farmland |
| What were the responsibilities of the seigneur? | - Find people to farm land - Build mill and church |
| What were the responsibilities of the habitant? | - Clear land - Farm land -Give goods to seigneur |
| What were living conditions in New France like? | - Seigneurial system used - Slight chance of moving up in social status |
| Who were the Filles du Roi? | - Orphaned, homeless women who could marry (age 12-30) - King provided them with clothes, transportation, and money, and sent them to New France - Sent to populate New France - Were paid for children |
| What is a monopoly? | - Complete control of a resource by one company - Company can sell resource for any price - Businessman who was granted monopoly responsible for setting up a colony |
| What was Acadia? | - Canada's first colony -Established in Nova Scotia (Mi'kmaq territory) - Good relationship with First Nations - |
| What were the hardships in New France? | - No cities or development - Different Climate - Hard Work |
| What were the benefits in New France? | - Jobs (farming, fur trade, government, military) - Chance at a better life - Lots of land |
| What is mercantilism? | An economic system that was used in Europe in which the home country controls its empire's resources in order to increase the home country's wealth. They reduced the imports they made and increased the exports. They took resources from the colony, processed it, and sold it to other countries for a profit. |
| What is a colony? | A region claimed and governed by a country in another part of the world. |
| What is colonization? | The act of settling a group of people in a new place. They are still ruled by their home country. |
| Why create a colony? | Acquire resources (gather year-round, no trips back to Europe), protect resources (know where First Nations traders are), decrease population (no jobs/land in home country), claim land. |
| What are the three colonies? | 1. Rupert's Land 2. New France 3. The 13 Colonies |
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