4509661
| Question | Answer |
| what are the key main theories for failure for dieting? | Weight Set Point Theory - Bennet + Gurin Boundary Model - Herman + Polivy |
| outline the A01 for the weight set point theory | - biological explanation suggesting weight is under genetic control - internal system regulating the % of body fat - body fat + weight depends on internal biological controls - dieting attempts to over power set point (the point which you are optimum weight to have optimistic efficiency and mood) - Set point can't tell difference between starvation and dieting - dieter feels hungry - burns cals slower as metabolic rate reduced - body stores energy and cals body reaches plateau |
| Explain Keys et al support for weight set Point theory | - semi starvation during WW11 - young men agreed to loose 25% body weight + ate 50% of normal cals - initially weight loss quick but then reached plateau (direct support) - irritable, hungry, obsessive thoughts about food (direct support) - metabolic rate decreased - became lethargic + avoided physical activity |
| what can adopted/ twin studies tell us about weight set point theory | - Adopted children weigh more similar to bio parents - MZ twins (100% same genes) even when reared apart more similar weight compared to DZ |
| Rosenbaum and Hirsch - support for the weight set point theory | - functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor brain activity before and after dieting - After dieting - food scans showed larger response from section of reward than control - support + its objective Physiological evidence strengthening validity |
| Outline the A01 for the boundary model | - dieting = dieter putting on weight - physiological determined boundaries for hunger and satiety - unpleasant qualities of hunger keep food intake above minimum level - unpleasant level of satiety keeps below max - suggest eating is determined by biofeedback - between boundaries lies a zone of biological indifference - eating regulated by social and enviro factors - Dieters - cognitively determined diet boundary - if they go over boundary what the hell effect takes over - eat up to satiety boundary |
| what research evidence supports the boundary model | Herman and Mack - measured what they ate in a pre load taste test - non dieters ate less after high pre load due to fullness - dieter ate more after high pre load - supporting what the hell effect went passed their cognitive boundary = what the hell |
| what are the strengths of Herman and Mack's research | - reduced demand characteristics by pretending they were looking at taste - strengthening reseach for boundary model - however only done on women, if applied could be danger of beta bias |
| What are the IDA point for Boundary Model? | Takes in to account lots of approaches Cognitive: boundary decided by dieter Biological: hunger and satiety boundary Social: How we are effected by social factors |
| what are the two explanations for success in dieting? | Ogden Psychological model Attention to detail |
| outline the A01 Of Ogden Psychological model | - Key Psychological differences between successful/unsuccessful - successful dieters: - see it as less hormonal/ genetic instead focus on it as behavior -psychological motives e.g goal for more confidence - use psychological techniques e.g establishing new identity - importance of psychological can be triggered by life events: age, divorce |
| what support is there for the Ogden Psychological model? | Ogden; -questionnaire explore factors associated with success and maintenance - split into groups; stable obese, weight loss re gainers, weight loss maintainers - WLM - lighter before lost weight +dieted longer - WLM - less likely to endorse medical explanation - greater endorsement on psychological consequences of obesity - WLM - motivation is for psychological reasons e.g enhance confidence rather than medical pressure - HOWEVER : WLM lighter before weight loss may be genetic difference |
| outline the A01 for attention to detail | - successful dieter pay attention to details of a healthy diet - preventing them getting bored of repetition - focus on key details of the food e.g crunchy cucumber - detail helps maintain healthy diet |
| what is the research evidence for attention to detail | Redden; -ppt ate 22 flavours of jellybeans - those who had been given specific detail - e.g cherry enjoyed jellybean longer - both rated it equally at beginning but then longer duration one with specific label liked it more - support as more detail = more enjoyable |
| what are the practical applications for the explanations for success and failure for dieting | - could make dieting companies more successful by encouraging them to focus on detail - reminding people they have the control to change - set point theory can reassure why people aren't loosing as much as they wanted - boundary model can encourage realistic goals to be set |
| Gender bias within the explanations of failure and success of dieting | - research focus on women as most likely to diet - being obese more impact on men as put on around abdomen - women around bum and thighs - more health risk for me - possibly should be researched separately |
| Free will and Determinism within the explanations of success and failure of dieting | - free will - Ogden psychological focuses on individual having control to change themselves having autonomy believing that they can have control over weight = succeed determinism- set point innate control system maintaining weight, bio focus =people give up |
| explain how neural mechanisms are involved in controlling eating behavior (short term) | 1.time from meal increases 2.hunger signals begin; low blood glucose levels, ghrenlin high, CCK hormone low 3.activates the lateral hypothalamus= feeling of hunger so eat 4. satiety signals; high blood glucose levels, low ghrenlin, CCK high 5. activates ventromedial hypothalamus = feeding stops + feel full |
| what is Ghrenlins role in the neural mechanisms controlling eating behavior CCK hormone role? | Ghrenlin; secreated from the stomach proportionate to the emptiness, acts directly from the brain CCK hormone; signals satiety |
| what are the two brain regions and what are they centers for | Lateral hypothalamus - hunger center ventromedial hypothalamus - Satiety center |
| explain how neural mechanisms control eating behavior (long term) | - andipocytes store fat, when they store too much leptin is released - Leptin sends messages to the hypothalamus making you feel full and satiety - helping to maintain weight |
| what is the research evidence for Lateral Hypothalamus | ANAND + BROBECK - lesion in the lateral hypothalamus = loss of feeding aphagia = suggesting feeding Centre in rats |
| what research evidence is there for the ventromedial hypothalamus | Hetherington + Ranson: study where lesions were made to ventromedial hypothalamus(satiety) rats with this damaged = over ate and became dramatically obese - supporting Ventromedial hypothalamus as satiety center |
| what are the methodological strengths of Hetherington and Ranson, Anand and brobecks research | - lesions, specific damage = specific findings - lab experiment = high control allowing identification of the specific brain mechanisms - rats = low ecological validity cannot conclude we are the same- however rats have same brain structure so might possibly |
| what research evidence is there for leptin - neural mechanisms + what is the problem with this research | - Carlson - obese mice had no leptin - but lost weight when injected - oversimplified - most people have normal/ more leptin - so brain mechanisms are possibly insensitive to the effects of leptin/ communication difficulty |
| what are the practical applications of neural mechanisms | may offer treatment for those with anorexia and also those with obesity strengthening the explanation |
| what approaches does neural mechanisms ignore | behavioural: - Schacter et al: experiment measuring amount crackers obese people ate, ate more when manipulated dinner time on clock - classical conditioning - Becker Fiji anorexia increased when tv introduced SLT - social: may want to do something to please - cognitive: resist eating |
| explain how Evolution has influenced our food preferences | - food preferences which enabled survival, more likely to survive in gene pool - natural selection - evolved in EEA - lived in hunter gatherer communities - men hunted animals + women fruit - many no longer useful - especially in societies were food is readily available but do have some 'evolutionary hangovers' |
| what specific preferences evolved from the EEA | - Sweet foods - enorage eat fruit containing fructose = cals needed for fight/ flight - Salty foods - balance sodium, limited so when available had a lot - may also lead to preference met - protein - High Fat Foods - limited but fat X2 the amount of cals - those who ate high fat more likely to survive - Binge Eating - adaptive in EEA as when migrated they would binge eat as didn't know when next meal was Neophobia - fear/ avoidance unfamiliar foods - prevent us getting poisoned Taste Aversion Learning - link nausea with taste - avoid illness/ poisoned |
| what study supports sweet food preferences | Desor et al - using face expression and sucking behavior found 1-3 day old babies preferred sweet fluids to non - support sweet food preferences evolutionary preference - as that young couldn't have learnt preferences |
| what study supports taste aversion | Garcia + Koelling Rats easily learnt to avoid flavored water after being sick easier than electric shock |
| what did Bernstein and Websters reseach show | - novel tasting ice cream on Chemo patients - patients developed aversion to this ice cream - led to scapegoating - blamed illness on the novel tasting food hadn't had before - so could still eat/ weren't avoided foods they liked - supports Taste aversion - avoided it once ill - supports neophobia - avoided/ blamed on unfamiliar food Practical application: give cancer patients food they are unfamiliar of |
| what is do Garfinkel + garner suggest anorexia is caused by | anorexia - defect in their lateral hypothalamus - stop the switching on eating |
| what research is there for Garfinkel and Garners neural explanation | - Anand + Brobeck - lesioned lateral hypothalamus in rats = starved themselves to death - support as when damaged didn't eat - Kaye suggests different reasons for the onset of anorexia - including psychological traits including perfectionism, anxiety - hormonal changes - overall weaken explanation suggest different reasons - Anorexics feel hungry - weaken as if it was due to deficit in lateral hypothalamus - wouldn't |
| what is kaye's explaination for the onset of anorexia | increased serotonin activity in areas of the brain regulating mood + cognitions e.g anxiety = onset as leads to anxiousness, obsessive behavior + perfectionist traits |
| what support is their for Kaye's Neural explanation | Kaye's research: - anxiety, obsessiveness, perfectionism traits many anorexics have - could be onset - hormonal changes in puberty in women lead to serotonin dysregulation - typical age for onset of anorexia is 13- 18 - supports reason why the majority of cases are that age |
| what is the serotonin neural explanation | Serotonin is made from tryptophan - which comes from food Serotonin = anxiety so people reduce what they eat reducing tryptophan + serotonin = less anxiety |
| what support is there for the neural mechanism, seritonin explanation for anorexia | bailer et al PET scans - chemical tracer which combines with serotonin - travels to brain and shines bright when serotonin present - studying AN recovers - highest levels serotonin was in most anxious supports idea that serotonin is made by tryptophan - as would be eating food |
| what is the dopamine explanation for neural explanation for AN | over activity of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia - brains reward centre - may fail to respond/ doesn't need other natural pleasure giving stimuli |
| what support is there for the over activity of dopamine receptors as an explaination for AN what is good about the study, what problems | Kaye et al - PET scan compare dopamine activity. - 10 recovering anorexics, 12 healthy - found activity was significantly higher in recovering anorexics Good: PET scans; objective reliable data Problems; causality cannot establish if that caused AN or if anorexia cause it possible third factor but by studying recovering Anorexics can establish cause and effect and eliminate 3rd factor |
| what are the practical applications of neural mechanisms explaining AN | - can offer medication which can normalize neurotransmitter levels - doesn't put blame on parents unlike psychodynamic |
| discuss the determinism gender bias approaches of the neural mechanism in explaining AN | - deterministic - focuses on the biology playing a role = patients passively accepting making no effort to get better - gender bias - all reseach done on women ignores men - biological differences - focuses on biological approach - fails to look at social/ psychodynamic ect |
| what are the two evolutionary explanations for AN | The adapted to flee hypothesis the reproductive suppression hypothesis |
| outline the reproductive suppression hypothesis | - physical side effect of AN is amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle - the body realizes that the body is incapable of carry a baby so stops producing eggs - Wasser and Barash - suggest its an adaptive mechanism as women can only look after/ give birth to few children - if they give birth in unfavorable environment evolutionary disadvantage as new born put pressure on resources threatening others chance survival - by controlling intake of food have control of fertility - so can produce child at optimum time - Surbey - AN as a disordered variant of females adaptive ability to alter timings of reproduction - delaying fertility may better provide for off spring |
| outline the A01 for the adapted to flee hypothesis | - Guisinger: features of AN; restriction of food, denial of starvation + hyperactivity = adaptive mechanisms - usually person begins to loose weight - psychological mechanisms take over to conserve energy + desire to eat - HOWEVER - in EEA nomads who foraged foods - when food sources low somewhere the survival benefit was to go elsewhere - efficient migration = switching off the usual responses instead restless, energetic, optimistically denying they were thin - no longer adaptive response -but proposed that low body weight = individual respond as though they must migrate from famine |
| explain the 'general' support/ strengths for evolutionary explanations | - Holland et al - MZ twins had highest concordance 100% same genetics. shows affects minority of people - highlights ID however evidence limited doesn't highlight specific EV EX - Bell middle ages pious women fasted = holy anorexia RC recognised miraculous ability supports symptoms - low body weight disturbance to body shape due to influence of being holy/ recognised * shows AN to be a choice (Behavioral - going against EV) * however support EV as shows not just in modern society - Keel and Kump meta analysis of cross cultural studies concluded not culture bound disorder all cultures showed it but western more * no cultural bias - strengthening ex generalizable However must be some aspect social culture influencing nature nurture |
| what support/ comments is there for the reproduction suppression hypothesis | - menarche: onset of puberty is delayed in girls with AN - supporting as it delays fertility so less likely to get pregnant - Gender: RSH only applies to women - fails to explain why men an - no evolutionary benefits for man to reproduce |
| what support/ comments are there for the adapted to flee hypothesis? | - Mrosovsky + Sherry: many species stop eating when they migrate - supports hyperactivity removes need for food - support symptoms of persistent restriction of energy intake Epling and Peirce: Animals show hyperactivity when food short: Rats starved in lab excessive exercise + ignored food Both research done on animals risky applying it Guisnger claims that the AFFH relives therapists need to search for familial reasons - a struggle between control: one hand worried and the uncomprehending family other hand bio urge to avoid food weakens slightly as suggest family input may have slight influence IDA: explains anorexia in both sexes |
| what are the psychological explanations of AN | Sociocultural theory Psychodynamic |
| outline the social cultural explanation | - casual factor of AN is equate slimness with attractiveness - found in cultures where food abundant - media propagate this image - showing slim models on tv/ magz - internalize this image -SLT people learn through watching role models then encouraged to watch due to vicarious reinforcement as see models enjoying glamorous life - some cases it = tension between actual self and ideal self = dissatisfaction with body weight and size - lead to dieting + obsession with food - further strengthened by operant conditioning - reinforcing the learnt behavior as dieters have praise + attention for loosing weight (positive reinforcement) encourages them to loose more weight |
| outline Beckers support for the sociocultural explanation + the strengths and weaknesses of this research | * Becker: effects of Tv when introduced to Fiji - did questionnaire towards eating 3yrs later questionnaire + interview on impact - 1995 3% reported vomited to control weight 1998 15% - 1995 13% high score on eating questionnaire indicating risk of eating disorder 1998 29% - more at risk the more TV watched support - indicates strong link between western ideas of thinness and changed attitudes towards eating girls internalized what was described as attractive - reinforced by vicarious reinforcement + naturally occurring change = high ecological validity - however no controls but only done on females + theory only applies to women |
| what are the IDA points for sociocultural theory | * practical application - reduce the exposure to western cultures so people don't feel pressured = reducing the use of extremely thin models e.g France catwalk models have to have BMI of 18 or + ensure AN not caused by models * Approaches: doesn't explain why some people who watch TV get AN and some don't - doesn't consider biological influence of serotonin deregulation * Gender : Research all done on females + theory largely applies to females - danger of beta bias if applied to men as It ignores the possible differences |
| what other research evidence is there for the sociocultural theory | * Keel and Kump reviewed cross cultural studies into eating disorders - found not culturally bound but more western more AN - weaken as shows in all cultures but does show that more western the more change of AN * Groesz et al meta review 25 studies concluded body dissatisfaction significantly increased after exposure to media of thin women - most efficient on girls under 19 - support tension dissatisfaction with ideal self and actual self |
| what are the 2 parts of the psychodynamic explanation for AN | Refusal of adult sexuality Asserting control |
| outline the refusal of adult sexuality as an explanation of AN | * freud 'AN is a melancholia occurring where sexuality has underdeveloped - eating can substitute sexual expression eating disorders may be away of repressing sexual impulses - express fear of adult sexuality/ becoming pregnant, eating acts as symbolic penetration (defense mechanism: * displacement: worrying placed on to food * denial - of maturity - flat stomach reinforces not pregnant) *Crisp: self starvation +weight loss = postponement of ministration in pre pubertal stage + amenorrhea - attempting to remain in pre pubertal phase * starvation - avoid development of adult body - preventing secondary characteristics - breasts + hips - avoiding anxieties associated with adulthood and mature sexuality possibly fixation in oral stage - still want to be dependent + possible fixation anal stage - want to remain in control |
| outline asserting control as an explanation of AN | *Bruch: origins of AN early childhood - effective parenting - respond appropriately to child needs Vs Ineffective parenting fail to respond to childs needs e.g baby cries due to anxiety but parent feeds them = child confused about internal needs + reliant on parents adolescence increases desire to establish autonomy - unable to do so as feel don't own bodies - over compensate helplessness - excessive control over body shape and size = abnormal eating |
| what is the general evaluation for the psychodynamic explanation | - difficult to test scientifically + based on case studies polivy and herman - highlight that most research is correlational + carried out after diagnosis - difficult to determine whether dysfunctional fam = AN or other way or if possible 3rd factor ignores bio approach - which may make some more vunerable than others |
| what support is there for asserting control | * Button and Warren: anorexics often reported lack of control over their lives - support as ACH suggests that anorexia trying to get control * Steiner et al parents of adolescents with AN tend to define physical needs * Bruch e.g found many parents anticipate childrens need rather than letting them feel hungry Support idea that ineffective parenting = children not understanding body and wanting control |
| what support this there for the refusal of adult sexuality | Carter et al 48% of 77 anorexic females reported childhood sexual abuse supports RAS as they then have a fear of sexuality so then deny this + take control |
| Outline how early learning + experiences can shape food preferences | - neophobia - we avoid new foods - but once exposed change our preferences as we like foods we are familiar with *SLT - observe others eating behavior then model/ obs learning - can change food preferences as model what others are eating * operant conditioning food eaten - PR rewarded - repeat action - strengthening behavior *Classical conditioning: Food preferences UCS Praise + UCR happy UCS praise + NS carrot = UCR happy CS carrot = CR happy * classical conditioning - Taste aversion learning UCS poison = UCS sickness UCS poison + NS sheep = UCR sickness CS sheep= CR sickness |
| what research evidence is there for the early learning + experiences as an explanation for food preferences | Birch: rewarding eating with positive adult attention effective in changing food preferences - supports classical conditioning Birch: when children sat next to child with different veg preference after 4 days veg preference shifted - support SLT child was role model as easily identified - copied behavior Birch + Martin: food exposure - direct relationship between exposure and food preferences (8-10 exposures needed before preference changed) |
| what are the Practical application points for early learning + experiences | * practical ap: gov campaigns to reduce obesity use role models easily identifiable parents inviting children who they know eat fruit and veg Lowe et al: shown videos of food dude increased consumption of fruit and veg = changed preference |
| what is the nature nurture debate with food preference- early learning experiences | *nature nurture: cannot be just down to SLT ect, Neophobia would have had survival benefit as some foods poisonous/ dangerous - avoiding it would have survival benefifts (NATURE) Benton supports nature explanation: sweet foods are effective in reducing stress in young babies = innate food preference desor: facial behaviors + sucking behavior - 1-3 day old babies prefer sweet fluids - suggesting innate possibly due to the ev fruite fructose |
| explain using a study what approach the early learning experience ignores | Lepper: imaginary foods either non contigent condition based on eating other/ non contigent condition listened to a story: asked what they would prefer to have non contigent condition = no food preference Contigent preferred one said first Behaviorism incomplete - only listened to story so no conditioned learning - cognitive ex |
| outline the opiate hypothesis in explaining how mood effects food preferences | neutrotransmitters called endorphins regulate acitivity in the brains reward pathway Pathways make us feel good encourages eating + sex |
| what support/ comments is for the opiate hypothesis | Grag et al: sweet home Alabama study film successfully manipulated desired emotions - consumed sig more pop corn when watching sad 28% more Sad: 124.97 happy:97.97 suggesting people eat hedgnistic foods when sad study good: repeated measures controlled for boredom/ people liking pop corn lab experiment - high controls |
| what approach does opiate hypothesis focus on and what does it ignore | biological approach as looks at the biology and chem in the brain ignores behavioral e.g conditioning the food preferences Cognitive ABC model ect |
| outline + give research for the individual differences model | individual difference model: only certain groups are effected differences in learning, history, bio, attitudes = high + low vulnerability both have physical/ psychological changes high vun = emotional eaters - eat more during neg emotional states - may learn to associate hunger and anxiety Conner et al investigated whether id had affect on eating behavior - asked to keep DH diary + completed questionnaire assessing 3 dimensions: restrained eating, emotional eating + external eating ^ DH positive relationship between snacking low DH for those who scored low extrernal eating |
| outline and provide evidence for the General effect model | General effect model: eat more to make ourselves feel better when stressed stress= physiological change =eating *support: Greeno and wing: housing conditions (long term stressor) = aggression assumed to be stressor Rats were aggressive in isolation + put weight on Syrian hamsters aggressive in groups + put weight on in groups - support as shows that stress = putting on *Bellisle et al - 12 men reported to hops for surgery - had to pick food + rate anxiety one month later had to choose lunch + rate anxiety higher anxiety on day of op but no difference in cals - Against GEM expect to put on |
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