469515
Description
Flashcards by mikeychapman, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by mikeychapman
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the function of the liver? | Protein synthesis (albumin), excretion, Bile production and conkugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid |
| What is Cholestasis? | A blockage of the bile duct that obstructs biule flow into the intestines |
| What are the effects of cholestasis? | excess bile absorbed into blood, bilirubin deposited into tissues (Jaundice) |
| What is jaundice (hyperbiliruninemia)? | deposition of excess bilirubin into tissues, causing a yellow colouring |
| Name at least 5 causes of jaundice | Cholestasis, hepatocellular disease, haemolytic disease, inborn errors, reabsorption of haematoma, neonotal jaundice |
| What types of jaundice are there? | unconjugated and conjugated |
| What can cause Cholestasis? | malignancies, gall stones, cirrhosis, pancreatitis |
| What is bilirubin? | a yellow pigment found in bile, left after older blood cells are removed |
| What is the function of albumin? | To transport bilirubin to tyhe liver where it is conjugated |
| what is the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin? | unconjugated contains glucuronic acid, and is water soluble, so can travel in blood |
| what can be used to measure bilirubin? | blood, urine and faeces |
| What is hepatitis? | liver cell damage |
| what are the causes of hepatitis? | viral infections, toxins e.g paracetamol |
| what are the characteristics of chronic hepatitis? | ongoing necrosis and inflammation of liver, can progress to cirrhosis, no treatment if hep c & often results in tumors |
| what are the characteristics of acute hepatitis? | long incubation period, flu-like symptoms, if hep c then dioagnosis is often too late |
| What is cirrhosis? | increased fibrous tissue formation leading to liver shrinkage, decreased hepatocellular function and obstruction of bile flow |
| what are the first two stages before cirrhosis? | acute and chronic alcoholic liver disease |
| what are the characteristics of stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease? | no biomarkers, fat deposition at the liver, mitochondrial dysfunction |
| what are the characteristics of stage 2 of alocoholic liver disease? | enzyme levels elevate slightly, collagen fibers from artound the terminal hepatic venule, starving liver of O2, necrosis |
| What are the characteristics of cirrhosis? | fibrosis, necrosis, liver failure, irreversible process |
| Which forms of hepatitis are most common? | A, B and C |
| In a CT scan, what indicates the presence of a tumor? | dark patches |
| what is the main drawbacksof liver function tests? | diseases are not detectable until they are fairly advanced |
| What are the liver function tests? | Bilirubins, albumin, alkaline phosphotase, ketone bodies, NH3/Urea, total proteins, transaminases, GGT, and total proteins |
| Where is alkaline phosphotase found? | main sites - surface of hepatocytes, microvilli of bile ducts also - bone & kidney tissues |
| What happens to ALP when a bile passages are blocked? | ALP levels rise, regurgitation into bloodstream |
| how is ALP synthesised? | mechanism is unknown, trololololol xD |
| What can high ALP levels indicate (dont just say liver disease, be specific sillyface) | cholestasis/obstructive jaundice at >300U/L. Hepatic injury at 300U/L. May also be high with infiltrative diseases e.g tumors |
| Why do enzyme based tests use international units rather then weight? | They measure the activity of the enzyme, not the weight. |
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