Personality Psychology Chapter 2

Question	Answer
self report Data	revealing of self - obtained through interviews, blogs, questionnaires: ADV-wealth of knowledge, personal experience DIS- lies, bias, accuracy
L/L O/I S/S T/T	Life history data Observer Report Self-Report Test Data
structured unstructured	-closed questions: true and false, trait descriptive (ACL), -open-ended questions: Likert rating scale (least-most likely), Twenty statement test (I am...), experience reports
Observer-report data (O-data)	use friends, families, teachers, casual acquaintances gathering info about a persons personality ADV- access new info, group relation info, Multiple observers DIS- bias, inaccurate info, no ideal purposes for info/assess.
inter-rater reliability	multiple observers allows investigators to see if there is agreement/disagreement
multiple social personalities	personalities manifest in varying social environments depending on the relationship with others
naturalistic observation	observers witness and record events that occur in normal course of participants lives
Test data (T-Data)	participants are places in standardization testing, diff ppl react to same situation
Edwin Megargee's study (1969)	1. high domiant(h-d) woman w/ Low-d man 2. h-d man w/ L-d man 3. h-d woman w/ L-d woman 4. h-d man w/ L-d woman man are more likely to take leadership role, even if less dominant. woman would appoint the men
T-data adv dis	ADV: control the context of experiment, test hypothesis DIS: try to guess the trait being measured, or interrupt the experiment differently, researcher influencing test
actometer mechanical recording device	modified self-winding watch, which can be strapped to arms, legs of participants, registers activity- usually kids
Physiological Data fMRI eyeblink startle reflex	arousal, reactivity, speed at taking in information, blood pressure, SNS, muscle contraction, brain waves
Christopher patrick psychopathy	used eye blink startle test to see if psychopaths have a normal reaction to fear --- psychopaths exhibit less anxiety + guilt in test
fMRI used in personality +psychopathology	function Magnetic resonance imaging- gauges the iron in oxygen used by brain & lights up the parts of brain using more
Projective technique Hermann Rorschach	person is given a standard stimulus and asked what he/he sees. -Inkblot
Life-outcome data (L-data)	info from events, activities, outcomes in persons life available to public scrutiny - may use S/O data to predict L
L-Data	severity of trait, frequency it is displayed
L-Data	severity of trait, frequency it is displayed
3 standards of personality assessment	1. reliability 2. Validity 3. Generalizability
Reliability	degree to which an obtained measure represents true level of trait being measured
repeated measurement	repeating measures several times over time getting similar results
Response sets noncontent responding	tendency of some ppl to respond to questions on basis that is unrelated to question context
acquiescence	tendency to simply agree w/ questionnaire items regardless of contents
Extreme Responding	tendency to give endpoint responses, such as strongly agree/disagree
social desirability	tendency to answer items in such a way as to come across as socially attractive/ likable
3 approaches to combatting social desirability	1. Approval Motive 2.less susceptible question 3. forced-choice questionnaire
forced-choice questionnaire	test takers are confronted w/ pairs of statements & are asked to indicate w/h statement in each pair is more true
Social desirability from Delroy Paulhus is seen as two things:	1. Self-Deception Enhancement subscale 2. Impression Management subscale
Validity	extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
face validity	on surface appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
predictive validity criterion validity	test predicts criteria external to the test
convergent Validity	test correlates with the measures that it should correlate with, alternative measures correlate or converge with target measure
discriminant validity	what a measure should not correlate with -always done with convergent validity
construct validity	measures what it claims to measure, correlates w/ what it is supposed to correlate w/, doesn't correlate w/ what it isn't supposed to correlate w/
theoretical constructs	Hypothetical internal entities useful in describing & explaining diff b/w ppl
Generalizability	degree to which the measure retains its validity across various contexts ex. ethnic groups, culture
experimental methods	to determine causality, whether one variable influences another variable
experimental methods	1. variable manipulation 2. participants in each experimental experience same conditions
random assignment of...	all participants to experimental groups
counterbalancing	equivalence created by the order of events
5 significant differences	1. sample size 2. mean 3. standard deviation 4. t-test 5. p-value
p-value	significance of the differences among conditions
statistically significant	1/20, 0.05, likely to occur 5/100 times
relationships among variables	how the variables relate to each other in the experiement
correctional method	statistical procedure used to determine whether there is a relationship b/w 2 variables
Correlational coefficient	statistical procedure for gauging rela. b/w variables
correlational research is interested in 2 variables	1. direction 2. magnitude
directionality problem	A & B are correlated but not the cause
third variable problem	two variables might be related to a third unknown variable
case study method	examining life of one person w/ an in-depth look -can use recording, interviewing etc.
Gordon Allport	believed that personality could be studied through in-depth case studies

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