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| Question | Answer |
| A blueprint for conducting a study. | Research Design |
| Increases the probability that the study findings are an accurate reflection of reality. | Design Validity |
| Examining variables as they naturally occur in environment and not on the implementation of a treatment by the researcher. | Nonexperimental Designs |
| Examining a group of subjects in various stages of development, levels of education, severity of illness or stages of recovery to describe changes in a phenomenon across stages. | Cross-Sectional Design |
| Collecting data from the same subject at different points in time and can be referred to as repeated measures. | Longitudinal Design |
| Used to develop theories, identify problems with practice, make judgments about practice, or identify trends of illnesses, illness prevention, and health promotion in selected groups. | Descriptive Design |
| To examine variables in a single sample; identifying the variables within a phenomenon of interest, measuring these variables, and describing them. | Typical Descriptive Design |
| To describe variables and examine differences in variables in two or more groups that occurs naturally in a setting. | Comparative Descriptive Design |
| To examine relationships between or among two or more variables in a single group in a study. | Correlational Design |
| To describe variables and examine relationships among these variables. | Descriptive Correlational Design |
| To predict the value of one variable based on the values obtained for another variable(s). | Predictive Correlational Design |
| Requires that all concepts relevant to the model be measured and the relationships among these concepts examined. | Model Testing Design |
| : Things have causes, and causes lead to effects. | Causality |
| Multiple causes for an effect. | Multiplecausality |
| Addresses a relative rather than absolute causality. | Probability |
| A slant or deviation from the true or expected; distorts the findings from what the results would have been without the bias. | Bias |
| Having power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome. | Control |
| A form of control used in quasi-experimental and experimental studies. | Manipulation |
| A measure of the truth or accuracy of the findings obtained from a study. | Study Validity |
| Whether the conclusions about relationships or differences drawn from statistical analysis are an accurate reflection of the real world. | Statistical Conclusion Validity |
| Increases the probability of concluding that there is no significant difference between samples when there is a difference (Type II error). | Low Statistical Power |
| The extent to which the effects detected in the study are a true reflection of reality rather than the result of extraneous variables. | Internal Validity |
| Examines the fit between the conceptual and operational definitions of variables. | Construct Validity |
| Expected to result in differences in post-test measures between the treatment and control or comparison group. | Intervention |
| A detailed description of the essential elements of the intervention and the consistent implementation of the intervention during the study. | Intervention Fidelity |
| The group of subjects who received the study intervention. | Experimental/Treatment Group |
| The group that is not exposed to the intervention. | Control/Comparison Group |
| Facilitates the search for knowledge and examination of causality in situations in which complete control is not possible. | Quasi-Experimental Design |
| Developed for studies focused on examining causality. | Experimental Designs |
| The strongest methodology for testing the effectiveness of a treatment because of the elements of the design that limit the potential for bias. | Randomized Controlled Trials |
| Withholding of study information from data collectors, participants and their HCP. | Blinding |
| Offer investigators the ability to use the strengths of qualitative and quantitative research designs. | Mixed-Methods Approach |
| Evolved to include multiple data collection and analysis methods, multiple data sources, multiple analyses and multiple theories or perspectives. | Triangulation |
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