491594
Description
Flashcards by katiehumphrey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by katiehumphrey
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| natural hazard | naturally occurring event with potential to affect people/property: earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis |
| natural disaster | when a natural hazard does affect people/property |
| earth |
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| continental crust | thicker and less dense |
| plates move because mantle underneath moves with convection currents where plates meet are called boundaries/plate margins |
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| destructive plate boundary no crust is destroyed creates volcanoes | |
| A constructive plate boundary, sometimes called a divergent plate margin, occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed. |
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| collision zone | forms when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains. |
| A conservative plate boundary, sometimes called a transform plate margin, occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds. Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake. |
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| types of plate boundary |
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| destructive margins cause earthquakes | pressure builds up when one plate gets stuck as it's moving down past the other into the mantle |
| constructive margins cause earthquakes | pressure builds along cracks within the plates as they move from each other |
| conservative margins cause earthquakes | pressure builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck |
| destructive margins cause volcanoes | the oceanic plate moves down to the mantle, where it's melted and destroyed, magma forms and rises through cracks in the crust called vents and it erupts on the surface forming a volcano |
| constructive margins cause volcanoes | magma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart forming a volcano |
| constructive margins cause volcanoes | magma rises up into the gap created by the plates moving apart forming a volcano |
| earthquakes | |
| volcanoes | |
| focus | the start of the earthquake |
| epicentre | The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
| seismometer | A machine that detects seismic waves caused by earthquakes |
| shockwave | A rapid flow of energy that is sent through the earth after an earthquake |
| richter scale | The measure by which the strength of earthquakes is measured 1-10 (where 2 is 10 times stronger than 1) |
| magnitude | the strength of an earthquake |
| magma chamber | large underground pool of magma |
| lava | magma on the earth's surface |
| crater | bowl-shaped basin in the top of the volcano |
| vent | central tube which magma travels through |
| secondary cones | eruptions from other vents may build up secondary cones on the flanks |
| ash, steam and gas | material thrown out by the volcano |
| volcanic bombs | larger material thrown out by the force of eruption |
| composite volcanoes | are steep-sided and cone-shaped, made up of layers of ash and lava and containing sticky lava which doesn’t flow very far. |
| shield volcanoes | have gently sloping sides and runny lava that covers a wide area. Gases escape very easily from shield volcanoes. |
| primary impacts of earthquakes | buildings and bridges collapse people are injured/killed roads/railways/ports damaged electricity supplies cut off gas pipes broken telephone lines damaged water/sewage pipes broken |
| secondary impacts of earthquakes | trigger landslides/tsunamis gas leaks people left homeless psychological problems shortage of clean water roads blocked businesses damaged - unemployment |
| impacts of earthquakes are more severe in LEDCs | poor quality housing poor infrastructure not much money for protection less money/resources poor healthcare |
| people live in earthquake prone areas | always lived there employed in the area confident of government support |
| reduce impacts of earthquakes | prediction building techniques planning education aid |
| earthquake in MEDC: Italy 6th April 2009 6.3 on richter scale destructive margin damage $15 billion | 290 deaths thousands buildings damaged thousands made homeless ambulances/fire engines/army sent to rescue survivors laws mean some buildings withstand earthquakes |
| earthquake in LEDC: Pakistan 8th October 2005 7.6 on richter scale destructive margin damage $5 billion | 80,000 deaths entire villages destroyed 3 million homeless buildings not designed to withstand earthquakes no help emergency services |
| lots of people live close to volcanoes | fertile soil - minerals tourist attractions source of geothermal energy |
| primary impacts of volcanoes | building/roads destroyed - lava people/animals killed crops damaged water supplies contaminated CO2 causes suffocation |
| secondary impacts of volcanoes | mudflows cause destruction fire started by lava flow psychological problems homeless shortage of food/clean water emergency vehicles blocked business damage - unemployment acid rain - SO2 |
| reducing impacts of volcanoes | prediction planning building techniques education aid |
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