495098
Description
Flashcards by sportycanine, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sportycanine
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Antisepsis | Prevention of sepsis by the destruction or inhibition of microorganisms using an agent that may be applied safely to living tissue |
| Antiseptic | Chemical agent that either kills or inhibits pathogenic microorganisms; this term is reserved for agents applied to the body |
| Asepsis | Absence of pathogenic microbes in living tissues |
| Disinfectant | Germicidal chemical substance that kills microorganisms on inanimate objects, such as items of surgical equipment |
| Disinfection | Removal of microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores |
| Sepsis | Presence of pathogens or their toxic products in the tissues of a patient |
| Sterilisation | Complete elimination of microbial viability, including spores, by physical/chemical means. |
| What are sources of bacterial contamination? | Surgical team, surgical equipment, operating theater environment, and the patient |
| What are some non-sterile barriers? | Scrub suit, surgical head covers, shoes and shoe covers, and face masks |
| What are the sterile barriers? | Surgical gloves and surgical gowns |
| What are physical methods of equipment sterilisation? | Heat, irradiation, and filtration |
| How can heat be used for surgical equipment sterilisation? | Steam: saturated steam under pressure; 13 min at 120 degrees Moist heat (boiling): cannot guarantee to kill all microorganisms and spores, 100 degrees insufficient |
| What are chemical methods of sterilisation? | Ethylene oxide: inactivates cellular DNA; toxic to tissues Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma: UV photons and radicals Cold steralisation: more disinfection, not for instruments used beneath body surface |
| What is the preoperative preparation of the patient, generally speaking? | Removal of hair from the surgical site and adjacent areas, cleansing and use of antiseptic agents, and aspetic draping of the surgical site. |
| What are the major determinants of surgical wound infection? | 1. bacterial factors 2. surgical wound factors: blood supply present 3. host risk factors - systemic and local host defences |
| Clean (NRC classification) | Non-traumatic wound; elective surgery with primary intention healing; no inflammation encountered; no break in aseptic technique; resp, alimentary and urogenital tract not entered |
| Clean-contaminated (NRC classification) | GI or resp tract entered without significant spillage; urogenital tract entered in the absence of infection; biliary tract entered in the absence of infected bile; minor break in aseptic technique |
| Contaminated (NRC classification) | gross spillage from the GI tract; enterance of urogenital or biliary tract in the presence of infection; fresh traumatic wound (<4 hrs); major break in aseptic technique |
| Dirty (NRC classification) | Perforated viscus encountered; acute bacterial inflammation +/- pus encountered; traumatic wound: devitalised tissue, FBs, fecal contamination, >4hrs old; transection of clean tissue to gain access to a collection of pus |
| Antimicrobial prophylaxis | administration of an antimicrobial agent to the patient before the contamination of the surgical site |
| Antimicrobial drugs commonly used | amoxicillin/clavulanate; cefazolin (1st generation cephalosporin); and cefuroxime (2nd generation cephalosporin) |
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