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| Question | Answer |
| Luddism | "control technologies" of Ursula Franklin aren't neutral. 1. Used by elite classes -> class conflict 2. software instead of employees -> faster and easier process of production and distribution 3. Luddism= Techno. change isn't beneficial for society because of upper class domination over the working class. (introduced in 1811 to 1817 in response to power loom, which just have control purpose) 4. a techno paradise permits the creation and separation of social classes. 5. highlights the conflicting ideologies of classes in society. 6. Luddite= as insult against someone who may oppose development. 7. the paradigm of technological development is in our society, disallowing us from thinking otherwise. |
| Violent Masculinity | “Tough Guise” by Jackson Katz 1. Strength, power and violence are male characteristics that are influenced by the media. 2. seen through the roles of cowboys, gangsters and athletes, force males, especially marginalized ethnic populations who have a difficult time fitting into society, to adopt a “mask of invulnerability”. 3. Removes any emotional attributes associated with femininity that would make the male seem any less powerful. 4. “The End of Men”, Michael Moore: violent acts such as road rage, in which the male must reveal his aggression to resolve problems. 5. movies such as slasher, sexualize the violence, degrading the female as a person. 6. Katz match action figures to the masculinity. who become increasingly muscular, underlining their physical power. 7. women ->perfect female 8. patriarchal ideal: violence is intrinsically related to power. 9. Males must adopt a “tough” mask -> accepted into society, for fear of being gendered a female, for not showing violent characteristics. |
| Race as Social Construct | Angie Fleras: humans all belong to the same species, no matter what variations there are in our physical appearances 1. “Skin Deep: The Science of Race”, = no inherent genetic differences from people across the globe. 2. (scientific basis )race does not exist 3. created by society and used by the dominant groups -> divide ethnic groups into ranking of inferior and dominant. 4. " The Bell Curve " of Gould : some races are inherently more intelligent, yet ignores other important social factors. 5. Academic racism = systemic lowering of social programs for those minorities that are ranked as inferior. 6. Self-fulfilling prophecy in which the marginalized group acts as they are perceived to be 7. Academic and bell curve are Used to dehumanize the “others” in society with no actual scientific basis. 8. race notion is inherently oppressive to the marginalized groups of society. 9. there are physical differences, but it is absurd to use them to rank. |
| Liberal Feminism | * Muszynski :A theory of feminism developed in conjunction with liberal democratic societies. 1. focuses on a woman’s ability to show and maintain equality through her own actions and choices. 2. The equality reference point is the white middle-class male -> liberal feminists to focus on things such as wage gaps, being directly compared to males. 3. similar path of abolishing slavery and fighting against racism, all striving towards an equal society. 4. Muszynski: only represents a minority of women, as their main ideology applies primarily to white, protestant Anglo-Saxons. 5. important because it presents a new way of looking at society, objective from traditional patriarchal views. |
| Linkages | Backward Linkage: Investment in domestic production of inputs for export industry. *Ex: Cutting down trees to export to Europe. Invest some of earnings in axes, creating new economic opportunity. *Ex: Mining in Canada. Invest in production of mining equipment (Helmets etc.) - Forward Linkage : Using output of export industry as an input. *Ex: Fishery on Atlantic – Send fish to Europe to be canned as opposed to canning fish now, and then sending. - Final Demand: Providing for consumer needs of workforce * Ex: Nickel Ore in Sudbury – create boot factory, that way when nickel is gone, you still have boot factory - Leakages: Sent out of country to export capital rather than investing in capital in Canada. |
| Caregiver Role | * Andrea O’Reilly : Fundamental aspect of a female’s life in the modern domestic world. 1. Women = all basic needs of the family (psychological and elder care.) 2. Women care for her children , Hays:prominent in society today 3. worthy for a woman but pale in comparison to the males work and their contribution to the economy. 4. cultural contradictions, “dual demands” for a woman who wants to also have a career because she must perform traditional woman roles, and her traditional male role. 5. the oppression of women in the society, because they cannot excel in careers, underlines this conflict of powers within society. |
| Internsive Mothering | * participation of the mother in all activities associated around the kid’s childhood. 1. After WWII -> No more women in workplace -> Room for returning men. 2. post-war propaganda =women should return home and take care of their kids. 3. “scientific” evidence = childcare centers as demoralizing for their young children and were creating them into young deviants. 4. wages -> Mom at home. 5. late 80s -> intensive mothering was complete. O’Reilly: too much time and money being spent on the children. 6. removed traditional childhood because of this now “militarized” institution of child rearing. 7. represents the cultural construction of, as Rich identifies, the institution of motherhood. 8. middle class North American luxury cuz males cannot afford. 9. ideologies reflect the culture. 10. analysis of social process -> ideology of the institutional process of intensive mothering. |
| The Death of Birth | Hawker's review of “Ecology and Commerce”: The effect of Humanity causing the extinction of life on earth because of exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment. picture of weeds growing through the road as analogy. Weeds = Staples of the econ.(non-diverse and with short life cycles which are exploitive to the environment). the road = the econ. 1. Innis: the economy disallows for anything but weeds, which is invariably interlinked with the environments exploitation. 2. Hughes: indigenous world view is different -> the land is their life and livelihood. 3. “The Winds that Keep Blowing” uses the James Bay project to illustrate the death of birth. By creating basins of water, and changing natural currents, animals such as the beluga whale face an imminent threat of extinction. 4. death of birth reflects an exploitive economy as Hawken’s defines it. 5. the western world humanity, is exceeding its carrying capacity. reveals the tiny amount the environment has in the dominant neo-liberal society. 6. resolved structural problems -> Change the trajectory of society. |
| Sustainable Development | * “Our Common Future” : it's meeting the economic needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to provide their needs. 1. Hawker's review of “Ecology and Commerce”: sustainable development in relation to a market economy as one based off efficiency, unlike the analogy he derives of weeds. Weeds = the exploitive staple consumption.(non-diverse and with short life cycles which are exploitive to the environment). the road = the econ. 2. we must develop a sustainable economy that is diverse and fundamentally not exploitive to the environment. (requires a sacrifice of consumption) 3. Hughes: The indigenous peoples are an example of sustainable development. 4. Valuing important aspects of collective ownership, treatment of the environment as an interconnected life force, the indigenous people have small impact on the environ. in comparison to colonial methods. 5. contradictions within our current economic structure. the environment within the economy is oppressed, as females in the economy, simply because it is not counted within the country’s value. |
| The Bell Curve | * A book written in 1994 controversial examples of academic racism. 1. Gould reviews: divide races based on IQ level -> fails to identify social variations between populations (education, poverty, and language barriers). 2. Racist research as science presents a narrow view, organizing populations into inferior and dominant 3. “Skin Deep: The Science of Race” : similar to “The Bell Curve”, the primary function of racial analysis is to divide groups and organize in a ranking system. 4. research was accepted by society-> poverty reduction -> removed because no purpose in educating and helping the groups in society who inherently won’t contribute to the status quo (economy's eyes). 5. research is oppressive, highlighting an elitist ideological background. |
| The 1969 White Paper | * Trudeau government: created to create individual equality by uniting the indigenous peoples of Canada with Canadian society. 1. abolishing the Indian Act, and the Indian status of many aboriginals-> White Paper was opposed by all status Indians. 2. the Indian Act did a better job of preserving their culture and land. 3. Brooks and Miljan: reserves were inherently oppressive, the White Paper would entirely remove the reserves, and their exclusive rights such as hunting and fishing. 4. retracted after the Supreme Court decision of the Calder land claim. 5. as Brooks and Miljan: the Nisga’a people lost, the courts did agree that they had been the owners, (major victory for them). 6. Later, Charter of Rights and Freedoms, was created-> amended-> acknowledge aboriginal collective rights that the white paper was attempting to diminish. 7. the government is ignorant in its understanding of indigenous culture. did not consult before proposing the bill. 8. Bill as a tool for assimilation. removing the collective rights -> the indigenous people forced into European modernity. |
| Functional Underclass | * Group in society fundamental to the larger economic structure. 1. impoverished, mainly ethnic minorities, with no chance of moving up. 2. Galbraith: engaging in what many from a higher class would call work: socially reputable and economically rewarding. 3. for them work is a means to an end, resonating with Marx’s theory of alienation of the work process. 4.Given the socially demeaning work, no economic stability or hope of promotion. 5. Inherently in an oppressive relationship with the rest of society, because they are forced, and kept down in their economic situation. |
| Prescriptive Technologies | * Ursula Franklin's review of technology in our culture: the techno. that invokes a division of labour 1. holistic technology (opposite): no division of labour, but one skilled worker who accomplishes the entire product. 2. The dominant form (industrial revolution) spurred by modern thinkers such as John Locke. Ex. Chinese in bronze casting. 3. Franklin: they are “Designed for Compliance”= present one way to accomplish a task, resonating with (Marx’s theory discussed in Rinehart’s work) earlier in the term, as it alienates (dislike) the product from the worker. 4. makes the person a vector for the economy, rather than an integral part of the society. Galbraith's review of the functional underclass: The underclasses are demeaning and seen as simply a means to an end. * oppressive to the underclass of society. reflect the economic importance of efficiency, caring little for the individual in society -> Therefore, the structure support this ideology because of its little focus on the individual in the economy. |
| The Cult of Efficiency | * We live in an age dominated by the cult of efficiency. 1. Efficiency often used as a code word to advance political agendas. 2. When used correctly, efficiency is important: it must always be part of the conversation when resources are scarce and citizens and governments have important choices to make among competing priorities. 3. The language of efficiency alone is not enough. go beyond the cult of efficiency to talk about accountability. Future democratic debate: is accountability imposed or negotiated. 4. Janice Gross Stein: efficiency of public education and universal health care, locally and globally. what will define the quality of them is whether citizens and governments can negotiate new standards of accountability. The cult of efficiency will not take us far enough. |
| The 1876 Indian Act | - 1876 the indian act - Create indian register (status indian) - Federal government doesnt owe you these things - From 1876-1982 the indian act is the defacto for the indian constitution - Modelled on relationship between an adult and a child - John a macdonald 1987 |
| Environmentalist Ideology | * Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements. |
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