5041207
Description
Flashcards by Jenna Lehmann, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jenna Lehmann
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the Psychoanalytic/dynamic view of the cause and treatment of depression? | Cause: Reaction to loss (real or symbolic). This is related to an oral fixation (dependency). Depression is also anger "turned inward" at the self. Treatment: Psychoanalysis; explore issues of loss in the past. |
| There are two integrative models focusing on behavioral influences. What does the first one believe is the cause and treatment of depression? | Cause: Deficiency in reinforcement of pleasant activities. Treatment: Pleasant Events Schedule, Social Skills Training |
| There are two integrative models focusing on behavioral influences. What does the second one believe is the cause and treatment of depression? | Cause: Control! Learned Helplessness, Learned Hopelessness (more of a cognitive flavor) Treatment: Cognitive therapy, attribution retraining |
| What does the integrative model with cognitive influences have to say about the cause and treatment of depression? | Cause: Maladaptive thought processes Treatment: Cognitive therapy (focus on identifying, evaluating, and modifying negative thoughts, attitudes, and biases.) |
| What does the integrative model with biological influences have to say about the cause and treatment of depression? | Cause: Biochemical Abnormality, Genetic Transmission Treatment: Medication |
| How does stress relate to depression? | -linked with onset of episodes -gene-environment correlation model |
| What is an internal attribution versus an external attribution? | Internal: the belief that one is at fault for an outcome External: the belief that an outcome was out of one's control |
| What is a stable attribution versus an unstable attribution? | Stable: Belief that something will never change Unstable: It is possible that things can change |
| What is a global attribution versus a specific attribution? | Global: This outcome is suggests that similar things will happen in other dimensions of my life. Specific: This outcome doesn't necessarily suggest that similar things will happen in other dimensions of my life. |
| When evaluating bad outcomes, what three attributions would lead to a pessimistic attribution style (the style that could be linked to depression)? | Internal, Stable, and Global. "I lost my job because something is wrong with me, I could never change for the better, and I'm a failure in other aspects of my life as well." |
| What social and cultural influences could affect depression? | -Stress: linked with onset of episodes, gene-environment correlation model -relationships: both at risk and protective factor - gender: women are more likely to be depressed -social support: makes a big difference whether there is a support system or not |
| What is the neurological explanation for depression? Include the neurotransmitters involved. | -Deficiency of certain neurotransmitters (NT): Norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (ST) -the "permissive hypothesis" speculates that ST might influence other NTs which might be important to mood regulation |
| What could be the result of an Overactive HPA Axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal)? | It produces stress hormones in response to stressful life events and prolonged exposure may interfere with neural functioning and development |
| What are the 4 different types of medications prescribed to those with depression? | -Tri-cyclics: affects NE and ST activity (Tofranil, Elavil) -MAOI’s: inhibit breakdown of NE (Nardil) -SSRI’s: inhibit re-uptake of ST (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) -SSNRI’s: inhibit re-uptake of ST and NE (Effexor, Cymbalta) |
| What are the 3 options for medication for those with bipolar disorder? | -Lithium (most effective but requires close medical maintenance) -other medications (like valproate [Divalproex]) -Mood stabilizer with atypical antipsychotic (e.g., lithium + risperidone) |
| What are the two main criteria for major depression? | - A major depressive episode (> or = 2 weeks) -No manic episode |
| What are the two main criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthmia)? | -Chronic depressive symptoms that are usually more mild than MD (more than 2 years and never more than 2 months asymptomatic) -No manic episodes |
| What are the requirements for Bipolar I disorder? | -Have at least one manic episode (that lasts at least a week) -May or may not have MD episodes |
| What are the three requirements of Bipolar II disorder? | -At least one hypomanic episode (at least 4 days) -At least one MD episode -NO MANIC EPISODE |
| What are the four requirements of Cyclothymic Disorder? | -Chronic hypomanic and depressive SYMPTOMS!!!! NOT EPISODES (at least 2 years, never more than 2 months asymptomatic at a time) -No manic EPISODES -No hypomanic EPISODES -No MD EPISODES |
| What does it mean in terms of Bipolar Disorder to rapid cycle? | To alternate quickly between one episode to another. |
| Why might women be more likely to experience depression? | -culture dictates that man should be confident and independent and in control, where women should be passive and dependent which can create feelings of lack of control and helplessness. |
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