5058742
Description
Flashcards by Kate Kowalska, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kate Kowalska
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is metabolism? | The metabolism consists of all the chemical reactions in the body in order to maintain life. |
| a) Define anabolism. b) Define catabolism. | a) A biochemical reaction that uses energy to synthesise large molecules from smaller molecules. b) Larger molecules are hydrolyzed to form smaller molecules and energy. |
| a) What products do we use from respiration in photosynthesis? b) What products do we use from photosynthesis in respiration? | a) CO2 and H2O. b) O2 and Glucose. |
| What is a redox reaction? | Oxidation reactions (loss of an electron/hydrogen - dehydrogenation). Reduction (gain of and electron/hydrogen - hydrogenation). |
| What happens to oxygen and glucose during respiration? | Oxygen is REDUCED. Glucose is OXIDIZED. |
| Where do electrons from organic compounds usually first transferred to? | NAD+ and Co-enzymes. |
| What is ATP? | A phosphorylated nucleotide. A high energy intermediate compound. Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Consists of Adenosine (Adenine and ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups. Describes as universal energy currency. Is an organic molecule. |
| What is ATP used for? | 1) Movement in muscle cells. 2) Active Transport. 3) Biosynthesis. |
| How is ATP used? | ATP releases energy when its high energy bonds (between the last two phosphate groups) are broken (hydrolysis reaction). |
| Write the hydrolysis reaction for an ATP molecule. | ATP + H2O ==> ADP +iP + ENERGY (30.6kJ) |
| Write the condensation reaction for an ATP molecule. | ADP + iP ==> ATP + H2O |
| Where do we get our energy from for respiration? | 1) Carbohydrates - Glucose and other sugars. 2) Fats - Glycerol and fatty acids. 3) Proteins - Amino acids. |
| What happens when you phosphorylate glucose? | Glucose becomes unstable and more reactive. |
| Where does Glycolysis occur? | In the cytoplasm. |
| What is the first stages of Glycolysis? | ATP is hydrolyzed so the iP phosphorylates glucose to become Glucose 6P. Then Glucose 6P is changed to Fructose 6P. Another ATP molecule is hydrolyzed and a phosphate group is added to form Hexose Bisphosphate. |
| What are the final stages of Glycolysis? | Hexose Bisphosphate is split into two molecules of Triose Phosphate (TP). These molecules are then oxidised to form an Intermediate compound and their electrons are added to NAD to form reduced NAD. This reaction also allows ADP to bind with iPs to form ATP. Between the intermediate compound changing into Pyruvate two more molecules of ATP are formed from ADP and iP. |
| a)What is the net gain of ATP released? b)What is the amount of NAD released? | a) 2ATP b) 2NADH |
| What happens in Link Reaction? | 2Pyruvate is oxidised via pyruvate dehydrogenase, removing a hydrogen atom, and pyruvate decarboxylase removes a carboxyl group(which eventually becomes Co2) from pyruvate to produce 2Acetate The hydrogen atoms removed from the pyruvate reduce 2 molecules of NAD Co enzyme A is added to 2Acetate to produce 2Acetyl CoA |
| What does CoA do to acetate? | Stabilises it, and carries it to the Krebs Cycle |
| What happens in Krebs? | 1) Acetate is offloaded from CoA and joins with the 4c compound- Oxaloacetate (4c) to form a 6c compound- Citrate. (CoA is free to bind to more Acetate) 2) Citrate is decarboxylated via (citrate decarboxlyase) to release a carboxyl group (co2) and is dehydrogenated via (citrate dehydrogenase) to release 2H atoms which reduces NAD which then forms a 5 carbon compound. 3) 5c decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to from 2 reduced NAD and Co2 which makes a 4C compound. 4) 4C is changed into 4C- this is where substrate level phosphorylation occurs (ADP+ip-->ATP) 5) 4C is oxidised in which the Hydrogen reduces FAD to produce FADH2 6) The 3rd 4C compound is oxidised/dehydrogenated (2H reduces NAD) to regenerate Oxaloacetate(4c) |
| Where does the Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle occur? | In the mitochondria (matrix) |
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? | Across the the inner mitochondrial membrane (inter-membrane space) |
| What happens in Oxidative Phosphorylation? | 1) NADH and FADH2 are reoxidised when they donate 2hydrogen atoms (split into protons and electrons) to protein complex 1 and protein complex 4. 2) Protein complex 1 becomes oxidised when it passes on 2e- to Ubiquinone (becomes reduced), in doing so 2 H+ are pumped across the protein into the inter-membrane space 3) the 2e- from Ubiquinone is passes onto protein complex 2, during this 2H+ from FADH2 are pumped across protein into the intermembrane space 4) One by the one, the protein complex 2 passes on electrons onto Cytochrome C 5) H+ are pumped in PC3 and cytocrome goes back and forth to pick up 4e-. In which 2e- and 2H+ bind to one Oxygen atom each to form 2H20. During this 4H+ gets pumped across into the IMS. 6) There's a build up of H+ ions in the IMS which creates a CHEMOOSMOTIC GRADIENT from the IMS to the matrix. 7) Due to this H+ diffuses through ATP synthase down it's conc. gradient. 8) around 30ATP is released from ATP synthase |
| What happens in ATP synthase? | 1) the first H+ that moves through ATP synthase brings about the first rotation which brings ADP and iP together 2) The 2nd H+ brings about the second rotation which binds ADP and iP together to form ATP 3)The 3rd H+ brings about the final rotation of ATP synthase in which it releases ATP and the 3 H+s diffuse through ATP synthase. |
| a) What uses alcohol fermentation? b) When is it used? | a) Yeast and prokaryotic cells. b) When there is an absence of oxygen. |
| Describe the process of alcohol fermentation. | 1) Glucose goes through glycolysis (2 ATP and NADH released) to form 2 Pyruvate. 2) Pyruvate is decarboxylated (oxidised) to produce Ethanal (CO2 released in process). 3) Ethanol dehydrogenase removes the H+ from the NADH released in Glycolysis. 4) This H+ then binds to Ethanal to form Ethanol. The NAD can now be reused in Glycolysis. |
| a) What uses the Lactic Acid Pathway? b) When is it used? | a) Eukaryotes. b) When there is an absence or little oxygen. |
| Describe the Lactic Acid Pathway. | 1) Glucose goes through glycolysis (2 ATP and NADH released) to form 2 Pyruvate. 2) Lactate dehydrogenase oxidises the reduced NAD released in Glycolysis. 3) The H+ then binds to the Pyruvate (reduces it) to form Lactate. The NAD can now be reused in Glycolysis. |
| What is Beta Oxidation? | The metabolism of fats. |
| Describe what happens in Beta Oxidation. | 1) Fatty acids are broken down into Acyl CoA (2C). 2) During the breakdown of Acyl CoA H+ is released which reduces FAD and NAD to form Acetyl CoA. 3) Acetyl CoA then enters the Kreb's Cycle. |
| a) Where does Acetyl CoA in Kreb's come from when glucose is being respired? b) Where does it come from when fats are being respired? | a) Link Reaction. b) Fatty acid chain. |
| How much of the following is made in Glycolysis... a) ATP b) NADH c) CO2 d) H2O e) FADH2 | a) 2 (net gain) b) 2 c) 0 d) 0 e) 0 |
| How much of the following is made in Link Reaction... a) ATP b) NADH c) CO2 d) H2O e) FADH2 | a) b) c) d) e) |
| How much of the following is made in the Kreb's Cycle... a) ATP b) NADH c) CO2 d) H2O e) FADH2 | a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 0 e) 2 |
| How much of the following is made in Oxidative Phosphorylation... a) ATP b) NADH c) CO2 d) H2O e) FADH2 | a) 30 b) 0 c) 0 d) 6 e) 0 |
| Where does the the final products (6H20 and 6CO2) come from? | a) Oxidative Phosphorylation. b) 2 CO2 comes from Link Reaction and 4 CO2 comes from the Kreb's Cycle. |
| Define the terms... a) endogonic. b) exergonic. | a) Receiving energy. b) Releasing energy. |
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