520020
| Question | Answer |
| What is urbanisation? | An increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities compared to urban areas |
| Where and when did urbanisation begin? | In Europe in the 1800s the Industrial Revelution began. |
| What caused the Industrial Revolution? | The Agricultural Revolution meant that less people were needed on farms. Factories were set up in the cities so people moved to find work |
| What is the rate of urbanisation in MEDCs? | SLOW. It means that the government could plan and provide for the needs of people. |
| What is the rate of urbanisation in LEDCs? | FAST. This means that the government can't provide for the needs of the population. |
| What is a million city? | A city with a population of over 1 million |
| What is a Mega city? | Cities which have a population of over 10 million |
| What is rural to urban migration? | The movement of people from countryside areas of towns and cities. |
| What is a push factor? | Negative factors that make people want to leave an area. |
| What is a pull factor? | Positive factors that attract people to an area. |
| This is an LEDC city model. | |
| This is an MEDC city model | |
| What is a favela? | A favela is a deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of shanty dwellings. |
| Name 3 environmental conditions in a favela | There are landslides when there's heavy rain, destroying houses. Houses are built with whatever materials that can be found. There's no electricity. Rubbish left on the roads. Pollution. |
| Name 5 social conditions in the favelas | Amenities eg water are really bad There is strong community spirit Lot's of crime-dangerous to be out at night Some people have TVs Drug lords rule favelas Loads of shops No sewers. When it rains sewage runs down the hills Disease |
| State for economic conditions in favelas. | Few jobse-some people work in factories but there is not many opportunities People work in the informal sector eg: shoe shining Some people work in the city as cleaners |
| What is a self-help housing scheme? (eg Rocinha) | Residents help make improvements to their homes. |
| What are the advantages of a self-help housing scheme? | There is a strong community spirit as people help one another out. Creates and area of medium-quality housing Better sanitation Improves QoL Local authority doesn't have to pay |
| What are the disadvantages to self-help housing schemes | People only upgrade houses when they know they won't be evicted. Only small impact on favela. |
| What are local authority schemes to aid favelas? eg The Favela Bairro Project | City authorities set aside $300,000 million to improve favela living conditions. |
| What are the environmental improvements produced in the local authority schemes to aid favelas? | The favelas may have electricity eg for street lamps There are water pipes Collect rubbish weekly |
| What are the economic improvements created by local authority schemes for favelas? | Residents can legally own their homes Teach the people in the favelas skills so they can find jobs People build single storey homes with the materials from the council |
| What are the social improvements created by local authority schemes in favelas? | Day care centres and after school schemes to care for children while parents work Adult education Services to help those with addictions Involves the community Neighborhood associations formed Health and living standards improved |
| What are the disadvantages to local authority schemes? | People have to pay taxes due to msterial and land being provided-may not be able to afford Not all favelas can be helped Improvements restricted by steep hillsides |
| What is building a new town for the rich? (eg Barra de Tijuca) | Wealthier people in Rio have started to move to a new town 20km away. It is connected to Rio by a motorway that cuts through the hills and is elevated over the sea |
| What are the advantages of building a new town? | It is quieter Better QoL: leisure activities, beach, shopping malls, restaurants and high rise apartments. Little to no congestion Creates jobs for those in shanty towns Less crime |
| What are the disadvantages of building a new town? | Building a new town moves problems somewhere else: The poor move with the rich to keep their jobs as maids etc. They can't afford homes so build new shanty towns. |
| What is the clearance of slums? | Local authorities tell residents to move. Their homes are then bulldozed. |
| What are the advantages of slum clearance? | The government get their land back No problem of disease and crime in area Use shanty residents for labor to teach skills |
| What are the disadvantages of slum clearance? | People could rebel and cause more problems Homeless people People move their slum to somewhere else |
| What is a site and service scheme? (eg Dandora scheme Nairobi Kenya) | An area of land is divided into individual plots. People pay rent for a site and borrow money to buy building material to build/improve plot. The rent is used to provide basic services eg electricity |
| What are the advantages of site and service schemes? | Improves QoL Easier to control for local authorities Houses look better Encourages people to work Less crime-safer community Can provide other basic services to family |
| What are the disadvantages to Site and Service schemes? | Plots are small Unemployed people can't afford rent-can't use plots Can get into debt if borrow money Spiral of decline slum built somewhere else |
| What is encouraging migrants to return to the rural area? | The government focus on improving employment opportunities in rural areas to get people to move back |
| What are the advantages of encouraging migrants to return to rural areas? | There's more space in the shanty towns as less people are moving People can become self-sufficient Less push factors People in rural areas have more resources |
| What are the disadvantages of encouraging migrants to return to rural areas? | The migrants can move back and original problem starts again Rural areas could become more cramped Could be competition for (best) land May still be unemployment issues |
| What are the problems of rapid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world? | Rapid urbanisation causes environmental problems: eg air pollution water pollution waste disposal problems e-waste |
| What are the causes of water pollution? | Untreated industrial waste Untreated oil from airports Untreated sewage Dumping other waste into rivers which is toxic Dumping human waste Washing out used oil drums |
| What are the knock on effects of water pollution? | In the MITHI RIVER: 1.Solid waste clogs drains 2.Plants grow on the waste and increases flood risk ... roads and railways flooded some areas have no electricity people die of disease 406 people died in recent floods in MITHI RIVER and it cost $100 million dollars to repair damage |
| How can water pollution be solved or managed? | River channel dredged to make it hold more water River widened Obstacles in river removed Banks smoothed to allow water to flow Discharged factory waste checked Public toilets built Improving water supply Education projects |
| What are the causes of air pollution? | Exhaust gases from vehicles Smoke from burning rubbish More electricity --> more burning fossil fuels --> greenhouse gases |
| What are the knock-on effects of air pollution? | Illnesses due to breathing problems Adds to global warming |
| How can air pollution be managed/solved? (Mumbai) | Metro systems in cities to reduce congestion Diesel banned for taxi drivers, who now used compressed natural gases Main roads upgraded to make smoother road surfaces and less congestion In MEXICO CITY only odd number plates can drive on one day and even number plates the other |
| What are the causes of waster pollution? | In shanty towns domestic waste is often not collected because of narrow streets Toxic waste E-waste (electronic waste) is dumped in LEDCs Incinerators burn waste Landfills MEDCs leaving toxic wadte in LEDCs Waste is a resource to the poor so they need an incentive to remove it |
| What are the knock-on effects of waste pollution? | Greenhouse gases LEDCs can't dispose of e-waste which is toxic-causes illness Toxic gases produced |
| How can waste pollution be managed? | Recycling plant Toxic waste sent to USA to be disposed of safely high tech companies dispose of own e-waste MEDCs take responsibility for own waste CHINA: household waste disposal units, waste used as fertiliser in rural areas |
| State 4 push factors | Limited resources eg food&water Natural problems eg habitat loss Badly paid jobs in bad conditions Bad QoL Poor housing, health, education and water no education no job, no job no money Poor transport: harder to move about, harder to sell products, can't earn money, can't feed family |
| State 4 pull factors | Good education means good jobs Good healthcare Good QoL Better jobs&better working conditions. More money Clean water machinery to reduce manual labor Better housing |
| What is another reason for rapid growth besides rural-urban migration? | Natural increase: people who migrate are younger and are starting up families |
| What does the Burgess city model show of a town's morphology (internal structure)? | |
| Where is the CBD (Central Business District) located in both MEDC and LEDC cities? | Normally in the center of town usually around a historic core. eg: Abbey ruins in Reading |
| State one exception to where the CBD (Central Business District) is located | By the sea the CBD would be on the coast to improve tourism |
| Is the CBD (Central Business district) accessible | Yes, with main roads, railway stations and bus stations often leading to it. |
| What can you find within the CBD (Central Business District) | It's the main shopping area There are main shopping streets and linking shopping streets |
| Why does the CBD (Central Business District) have the highest land value per square meter? | Because shops want to locate in areas with the easiest access and the highest footfall. Shops compete for spots in a small area. The land goes to the highest bidder (bid rent value) |
| Why are lot's of businesses in the CBD (Central Business District)? | There is easy access for the work force and business clients can easily find their way to the offices. |
| What is the PLVP (Peak land value point)? | The best locations with the highest footfall have the highest bid price so only the best shops can afford it. Eg: Point on Broad Street at entrance to Oracle |
| What kind of shops are high order shops and why? Where are they located? | Department stores: sell comparison goods that we buy infrequently. Need to be able to attract lots of people. They have a large sphere of influence Found in CBD in PLVP |
| Where would you normally find independent stores? | On connecting streets where land values are lower because of lower footfall |
| What can you find on connecting streets? | smaller low order shops selling low order convenience goods like food. Don't need a high footfall. |
| What are middle order shops? | They are in between low order and high order: buy things from them more frequently than high order. eg: clothes stores, CD stores etc |
| Why does the CBD (central business district) have the tallest buildings? | Land value is high so shops&businesses can't afford a large footprint so build upwards to gain space without having to buy more land |
| Why is it that shops on the high street tend to occupy the ground floor? | Because of easier access for people so higher footfall. |
| Where are houses and businesses built on the high street? | Above the shops because rent vale is lower because of low footfall |
| Why don't people tend to live in the CBD? | Because of the high land values so housing is too expensive. Noise and air pollution (congestion) |
| What is a city model? | A simplified representation of a town or city. It is used to represent a pattern of land use |
| Why is the Hoyte city model a better model than the Burgess city model? | Burgess model was only built around Chicago Transport routes are important for morphology (factories radiate from CBD following a main road) |
| How are the MEDC and LEDC city models similar? | CBD in the core of the city Factories and industry radiate out from center Land has highest value in center Based on ring system |
| How are MEDC and LEDC city models different? | Poorest housing in LEDC city is on the outskirts in favela. In MEDC suburbs contain high quality housing |
| What can stop a city from expanding? | Motorways River Sea Hills |
| Where is the inner city located? | Next to the CBD |
| Why is the inner city the original zone of industry? | Factories were set up along canals and railway lines for easy access |
| Why does the inner city contain high density houses? | The factory workers lived close by in high density terraced houses |
| Why is the inner city a zone of transition? | The old industry has closed and some sites remain derelict, eg around obsolete docks, canals and railway sidings Some old factories redevelloped eg Huntley&Palmers--> apartments and Prudential offices |
| Why is the inner city an area of high-rise flats? | Many old terraced houses became slums and needed redeveloping. In 1960s large blocks of high-rise flats were built in their place eg London |
| Why is the inner city an area of smart new developments? | On old derelict land many cities built into smart new developments eg London Docklands |
| How can you find the inner city on a map | Look for: Straight rows of small houses Streets close together with little open space Large industrial buildings, often near railways and canals |
| Where are the suburbs located? | Next to the inner city |
| What are 1930 suburb houses like? | Semi-detached and detached houses with front and back gardens Garages Inside bathrooms Spacious Eg Earley |
| What are 1960 suburb houses like? | Private estates eg: Silverdale road, Earley Some built by the council |
| What are 1980 suburb houses like? | Modern large detached houses built on edge of towns with gardens and garages. |
| What do 1930 and 1960 suburbs look like on maps? | Houses have gardens Roads are cul-de-sacs School and parks nearby |
| What do 1980 suburbs look like on maps? | Built closer together than 1930/1960 suburbs |
| Why are the suburbs and area of modern factories (high-tech industry) and business parks? | Easy access-built on the edge of towns near motorway junctions or Built along main roads on the outskirts |
| Why are the out of town shops in the suburbs? | Modern shops and retail parks built on edge of town: less congestion Easier access Cheaper to buy land |
| What is beyond the suburbs? | Rural-urban fringe |
| What are the social problems within the CBD (Central Business District)? | Crime (shoplifting) Vandalism Very high rents |
| What are the economic problems within the CBD (Central Business District)? | Expensive to maintain services (health, education) |
| What re the environmental problems within the CBD (Central Business District)? | Litter Problems of waste collection Graffiti Congestion (air pollution) |
| What are the socail problems with the inner city industrial zone? | Few amenities Health problems |
| What are the economic problems within the inner-city industrial zone? | Lower-paid jobs industries run down |
| What are the environmental problems within the inner-city industrial zone? | Derelict buildings Noise and air pollution from traffic |
| What are the social problems within the inner-city housing? | Racial tension Large families High density and poor quality housing |
| What are the economic problems within inner-city housing? | Unemployment Mainly semi-skilled/unskilled jobs |
| What are the environmental problems within inner-city housing? | Noise and air pollution from traffic on main roads |
| What are the social problems within the suburbs? | Crime (burglary) Increasing house prices |
| What are the economic problems within the suburbs? | Time-distance cost of commuting to work Public transport infrequent |
| What are the environmental problems within the suburbs? | Traffic congestion Litter |
| What are the social problems within the rural-urban fringe? | Crime (burglary) Very expensive housing |
| What are the economic problems within the rural-urban fringe? | Time-distance cost of commuting to work Public transport |
| What are the environmental problems within the rural-urban fringe? | Loss of greenfield sites due to urban sprawl |
| Why do CBDs (Central Business Districts) need revitalizing? | Increasingly congested Difficult to park Unsafe place to go-especially at night Empty at night so leisure facilities close Out of town shopping centers more attractive-easier to park. Often contain leisure as well CBD expensive for hsops so many close CBDs can be run down when shops close and are vandalized Less attractive to shop in |
| Explain the structure of the CBD |
Image:
CBD_structure (image/jpg)
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| Why did Reading build the Oracle? | To improve the CBD: out of town facilities meant less people were coming to the CBD |
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