5204946
Description
Flashcards by Georgina Burchell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Georgina Burchell
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the 6 stages of neural development? | Neurogenesis Cell migration Differentiation Synaptogenesis Neuronal cell death Synapse rearrangement |
| Human embryo develops three layers. What are these called? | Ectoderm (becomes nervous system) Mesoderm Endoderm |
| How does the brain develop from the ectoderm? | The neural groove forms between ridges of the ectoderm this becomes neural tube. The anterior part of the neural tube has three subdivisions—the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. |
| What is neurogenesis? and where does it happen? | Mitosis produces neurons from non-neuronal cells Cells of the neural tube divide through mitosis and form the ventricular zone |
| What is cell migration? | When cells move to establish distinct populations Cells migrate to marginal zone but some cells remain in the ventricular zone to continue neurogenesis. Produces 6 cerebral cortex layers |
| How are radial glial cells involved in cell migration? | Radial glial cells act as guides for cells to migrate along. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) promote adhesion of parts of the nervous system to guide cells. |
| What is differentiation | It is when cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells |
| What are the two influences of cell differentiation? | Cell-autonomous (self organization)—independent of other cells and driven by genes, intrinsic organization as seen in vitro (in cell culture). Induction (Neural environment)—cells are affected by the influence of other neighboring cells. |
| What is synaptogenesis and what does it have to do with process outgrowth? | Neurons extend their axons and dendrites and form many synapses with one another. Process outgrowth is the growth of axons and dendrites. |
| What is regulation? (to do with differentiation) | It is the response to cell injury in development; other cells will develop and take its place. |
| What are stem cells? | They are undifferentiated cells that can divide, and their daughter cells can assume a new cell fate |
| What is neuronal cell death? | Selective death of many nerve cells |
| How does apoptosis work? | Apoptosis starts with a Ca2+ influx that causes mitochondria to release a protein, Diablo. Diablo binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), which normally inhibit the caspases. Without IAP inhibition, the caspases are able to dismantle the cell. |
| What are neurotrophic factors? | Neurons compete for chemicals the target cells make, called neurotrophic factors, and without enough, they die. |
| What factors effect synaptic pruning (synapse rearrangement) | Neurotrophic factors Neural activity |
| Explain how process outgrowth occurs | Chemoattractants are chemical signals that attract certain growth cones. Chemorepellents repel growth cones |
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