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| Question | Answer |
| In actus reas, what case did the judge provide examples of where someone is not acting voluntarily | Hill v Baxter 1958 When a driver has a heart attack and loses control and where a driver is stung by a swarm of bees and loses control. |
| what is the case that illustrates how another involuntary action can be if A pushes B into C, and C is hurt than A is liable | R v Mitchell |
| example of how a contractual duty can be an exception to the rule on omission | R v Pitwood (1902) |
| Example of how a duty because of a relationship can be an exception to the rule on omissions | R v Gibbins and Proctor (1918) |
| Example of how a duty undertaken voluntarily can be an exception to the rule on omissions | R v Stone and Dobinson (1977) |
| Example of how a duty undertaken through a official position can be an exception to the rule of omissions | R v Dytham (1979) |
| Example of how a duty which arises through a chain of events can be an exception to the rule on omissions | R v Miller (1983) |
| two new cases to support a duty through relationship as an exception to the rule on omission | Reeves(2012) and Hutton(2013) |
| example of discontinuing the treatment of a patient is an omission | Airdale NHS trust v Bland(1993) |
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