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Description
Flashcards by Hayley Pfeffer, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hayley Pfeffer
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Triage | Sorting patients according to their need of medical care |
| What are two types of triage? | phone triage disaster triage |
| What does the primary and secondary survey involve? | primary - initial assessment performed immediately only looking at crucial things- A,B, C, D secondary- performed later. complete full PE |
| What does A, B, C, D stand for in the primary survey? | airway breathing circulation disability |
| What do you do if the patient isn't breathing and if it is? | isn't- ventilate is- perform rest of respiratory system evaluation |
| How do you assess circulation? | HR PR CRT MM mentation extremity temp vs core temp |
| What does disability evaluate? | level of conciousness and cns state pain toxin exposure |
| Name the triage levels | level1: immediate level 2: very urgent level 3: urgent level 4: standard level 5: non urgent |
| Give some examples of immediate triage? | apnea CPA seizure |
| give some examples of triage level very urgent | acute abdomen shock dypnoea posion ingestion |
| Give some examples of urgent level triage | trauma without shock or respiratory distress |
| Give some examples of standard triage level | minor trauma laceration anorexia abscess lethargy |
| give some examples of non urgent triage level | lameness dermatological condition coughing without distress |
| name 8 causes of respiratory distress and give examples of specific dz | 1. upper airway disease-laryngeal paralysis, FB 2. lower airway disease-asthma, bronchitis 3. parenchymal lung disease-pneumonia, pulmonary odema 4. pleural space dz- pneumothorax, DH 5. Structural rib/intercostal musculature conditions- rib fractures 6. neurological conditions 7. vascular pulmonary dz- pulmonary thromboembolism 8. abdominal distension- organomegaly |
| Normal RR cats: dogs: | 15-30 15-40 |
| Is open mouth breathing normal in cats? dogs? | no yes |
| To what % of Sp02 does the mm colour remain pink? | 86% |
| What Spo2 is considered hypoxaemic? | <90% |
| At what % spO2 does mm colour go cyanotic? | <85% |
| Name 5 diagnostics in respiratory distress | 1. pulse oximetry 2. blood gases 3. thoracic radiographs 4. thoracic US 5. Thoracentesis |
| What are some ways oxygen can be delivered to an animal in respiratory distress? | flow by oxygen mask oxygen hood oxygen cage nasal oxygen intubation |
| Whats an advantage and disadvantage of an oxygen mask? | immediate and can achieve high Fi02 may not tolerate |
| Whats an advantage and disadvantage of an oxygen hood? | Can easily achieve high Fi02 possible rebreathing of Co2 or overheating |
| Whats an advantage and disadvantage of nasal oxygen? | can achieve high Fi02 may not tolerate placemnet-can be stressfull |
| Whats an advantage and disadvantage of an oxygen cage? | quiet environment, well tolerated. can achieve high Fi02 expensive limited access to patient- if open cage will have sudden decrease of Fi02 |
| What is an advantage and disadvantage of intubation? | can ventilate if needed and achieve high Fi02 Invasive-requires anaesthesia |
| What is the TV of a dog? | 10-20 L |
| When is positive pressure ventilation indicated? | Hypoxaemia sp02 < 95% Hypoventilation increase pCo2 >60 Increased work of breathing- exhaustion |
| What are the 3 types of shock? | Cardiogenic hypovolaemic vasodilatory |
| What is the mechanism of cardiogenic shock? Example? | Low CO not due to hypovolaemia DCM, HCM |
| What is the mechanism of hypovolaemic shock? example? | low intravascular volume Fluid loss, haemorrhage |
| What is the mechanism of vasodilatory shock? mechanism? | Systemic vasodilation, mitochondrial dysfunction SIRS, sepsis, anaphylaxis |
| What determines CO? | SV + HR |
| How do you tell if a patient is in shock? -list the parameters you look at | 1. mentation 2. CRT 3. MM colour 4. HR and PR 5. pulse quality 6. extreme temp vs core temp |
| What is something else we can test to see if there is sufficient 02 or not? | lactate level will be increased if there is a lack of o2 |
| Why do we see an increase in lactate with reduced o2? | The glucose pathway ends with either making ATP which requires oxygen or lactate- when there is no 02 more lactate is made |
| can you monitor shock by measuring Bp? why? | No not soley. If shock is compensated then Bp will be normal. If uncompensated Bp will be low |
| How do you treat hypovolaemic shock? | fluids -isotonic crystalloids -hypertonic crystalloids -colloids |
| What dose of isotonic crystalloid would you administer to a dog? cat? over what time period? | 80-90ml/kg 40-50ml/kg 5-15 mins Start with 1/4 of shock dose |
| What are some advantages and disadvantages of isotonic crystalloids? | ad- cheap, balanced electrolytes, treats dehydration dis- large volumes, oedema, haemodilution |
| How would you dose a cat and dog with colloid fluids? | dog- 10-20ml/kg cat- 5-10ml/kg Over 5-20 mins start with 1/4 shock dose |
| What are some advantages and disadvantages of colloids? | ad- small volume, intravsacular, increases COP dis- expensive, fluid overload, coagulopathy |
| What dose of 7.5% hypertonic solution would you treat shock with? | 4-6ml/kg start with half dose rate. Give over 10-15 mins |
| What are some advantages and disadvantages of hypertonic solution? | ad- V small volume, rapid increase in intravascular volume dis- rapid redistribution, arrhythmia, dehydration |
| Why may you give blood products? | anaemia coagulopathies thrombocytopenias VWF |
| How do you diagnose and treat pneumothorax | Muffled lung sounds dorsally thoracocentesis |
| How do you diagnose and treat hemothorax? | Muffled lung sounds ventrally- side they are lying on Thoracocentesis |
| How do you diagnose and treat pulmonary contusions? | increased lung sounds oxygen possibly IPPV |
| How do you treat rib fractures/flail chest? | analgesia +/- stabilisation with bandaging or surgery |
| How do you treat DH? | oxygen therapy can shake animal to try get organ back in place surgery |
| How do you treat myocardial contusions? | antiarrhythmias |
| What diagnostics can you use in thoracic trauma? | Thoracentesis thoracostomy Radiographs US |
| Therapy in thoracic trauma | always give O2 IPPV Surgery- DH, unresolving pneumothorax, penetrating rib fractures |
| What do you do with a haemoabdomen patient? | symptomatic and supportive care isotonic crystalloids IV- hypotensive fluid resuscitation surgeyr if doesn't resolve in next 12-24 hours or can't control internal haemorrhage |
| What do you do with a patient with septic abdominal trauma? | surgical emergency |
| What diagnostics can you do with abdominal trauma? | US radiographs abdominocentesis |
| How do you manage a patient with traumatic head injury? | neurological exam stabilise Resp and CV systems mannitol oxygen therapy IPPV if needed |
| What do you do with a patient wit spinal trauma? | immobilize radiographs surgery if indicated |
| Fracture management? | stabilise radiographs bandage/splint surgery if indicated |
| Wound management? | Prevent further contamination- cover with non adhesive sterile pad and bandage sedate and debride wound |
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