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Description
Flashcards by Mollie Thompson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mollie Thompson
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define attachment (Schaffer 1996) | A close emotional bond between two people, a mutual affection and a desire to maintain closeness |
| Close proximity: | Trying to stay physically close to the person they're attached to |
| Separation distress: | Distress (crying, agitation) if attachment figure leaves their presence |
| Secure base behaviour | Even when the child is independent they still return to their attachment figure every so often |
| Stages of attachment | Theories identify a sequence of different behaviours linked to specific ages |
| Multiple attachments | Attachments to two or more people. Most babies appear to develop multiple attachments after attachment to main carer has been made. |
| Animal studies | Studies carried out on animals rather than humans Done for ethical and practical reasons Practical - animals breed faster and researchers can then see results across generations of animals. |
| Learning theory | A set of theories from behaviorist approach. Emphasis learning in the acquisition of behaviour Classical and operant conditioning |
| Monotropic | Used to describe Bowlby's theory Means 'one' indicating that one particular attachment is different from all others and is most important to child's development |
| Internal working models | Mental representations we carry of our attachment to our primary caregiver. Important in affecting our future relationships because they carry our perception of what relationships are like |
| Critical period | Time within which an attachment must form. Human infants have a sensitive period which if attachment is not formed it becomes difficult to form an attachment |
| Strange situation | a controlled observation testing attachment type Infants are assessed on their response to playing in unfamiliar room, being left alone, left with a stranger and being reunited with caregiver. |
| Secure attachment | Most desirable attachment type Most psychologically healthy Strange situation: moderate stranger/separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion |
| Insecure -avoidant attachment | Low anxiety, weak attachment Strange situation: Low stranger/separation anxiety Little response to reunion Avoidant of caregiver |
| Insecure-resistant attachment | Strong attachment and high anxiety Strange situation: high levels of stranger/separation anxiety resistance to be comforted at reunion |
| Cultural variations | 'Culture' - norms and values that exist within any group of people So, cultural variations is just differences in norms and values between people in different groups (Attachment: differences in proportion of children of different attachment types). |
| Maternal deprivation | Consequences of separation between a child and their main caregiver Continuous high quality care is essential for normal psychological development Prolonged separation can cause serious damage to development |
| Institutionalisation | Effects of living in an institutional setting e.g. hospital or orphanage - where children may live for long periods of time In such places there is often very little emotional care provided We're interested in effects of institutional care on attachment and development |
| Orphan studies | Concern children placed in care because there parents couldnt look after them Orphan- child who's parents have died or have abandoned |
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