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| Question | Answer |
| Explain how cells become differentiated or specialized into different cell types, in spite of having the same set of genes and chromosomes | Certain genes are turned on and off in the process of gene regulation or gene expression. In cellular differentiation, cells become specialized in structure and function. Different types of cells in the body look and function very differently from each other |
| Explain the role of DNA packing/X chromosome inactivation | Cells may use DNA packing long-term inactivation of genes.X chromosome inactivation takes place early in embryonic development of female mammals one of the two X chromosomes in each cell is permanently inactivated at random by coiling it so tightly that transcription cannot occur. |
| Explain the role of transcription factors in control of gene expression | Binding of Transcription Factors promotes the binding of RNA polymerase to the gene, in order for transcription to occur bind to DNA and turn the transcription of genes on and off |
| Compare where we are at with respect to the cloning of plants and animals from individual differentiated cells | The cells of a single plant can be used to produce hundreds or thousands of identical organisms—clones from the original plant. Nuclear transplantation involves replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus from a differentiated cell from an adult body The egg cell contains enzymes and factors that stimulate development,allowing the egg to develop into an adult |
| Which is more easily accomplished (Plant cloning or Animal CLonng) | Plant because it's easier since all you need is a cell sample |
| Explain what nuclear transplantation involves | replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus from a differentiated cell from an adult body The egg cell contains enzymes and factors that stimulate development, allowing the egg to develop into an adult |
| How are human embryonic stem cells obtained | The embryos used in research have been created for reproductive purposes through in vitro fertilization procedures. When they were no longer needed for that purpose, they were donated for research by the couples who had produced them |
| What makes embryonic stem cells such a valuable tool in medical research | research into development, tissue repair after injury, and new therapies for diseases that are currently untreatable |
| What does the term Recombinant DNA mean | Recombinant DNA is constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule |
| What does it mean when we say that the “genetic code is universal | Almost all living organisms share the same genetic code, the set of rules relating nucleotide sequence in a strand of DNA/mRNA to the sequence of amino acids in the protein that it codes for. |
| and why is this property of the genetic code absolutely essential to the usefulness of recombinant DNA technology? | Because the genetic code is universal, bacteria that contain recombinant DNA plasmids can transcribe and translate the foreign gene and produce large quantities of the desired protein. |
| What does the term GMO mean | genetically modified organisms (GMO’s), organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means |
| transgenic organism | A transgenic organism contains a gene from another organism, typically of another species |
| How extensively are GMO’s currently being used in crops in the US? | GM strains account for a significant percentage of several staple crops in the United States: 80% of the corn crops and 90% of the soybeans are GMO: they contain a gene from another species |
| Explain how recombinant DNA technology is being used to produce useful products such as human insulin for medical use | To work with genes in the laboratory, biologists often use bacterial plasmids, small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome |
| What role do plasmids play in this process | can incorporate a foreign gene every time the bacteria replicates, the plasmid with its foreign gene also replicates Because the genetic code is universal, bacteria that contain recombinant DNA plasmids can transcribe and translate the foreign gene and produce large quantities of the desired protein. |
| What role do restriction enzymes and ligase enzymes play | To combine these ingredients, a piece of DNA must be spliced into the plasmid using a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase enzyme to glue the DNA back together |
| Once a recombinant plasmid has been created, why is it placed into living bacterial cells? | every time the bacteria replicates, the plasmid with its foreign gene also replicates |
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