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| Question | Answer |
| In perception, who first broke things down into elements and process? | James Gibson (1966) |
| What did James Gibson say about perception? | Informational medium carries information about a distal object to a person. When the person’s sense receptors pick up the information, proximal stimulation occurs and the person perceives an object |
| Light waves, sound waves and vibrations are all examples of incoming data that are in which type of processing? | Bottom-up processing |
| Who first emphasized the role of context, what was the experiment and what did they find? | Palmer (1975)- Object naming experiment, Best performance for items that matched the cued context showing that knowledge of the context influenced perception |
| Simons and Chabris (1999) showed the importance of what? | Attention with the gorilla experiment! |
| Explain the processes involved in low-level perception | -Light waves come in - past the transparent cornea -A particular amount of light is let in by the pupil -The lens adjusts in shape to focus this light onto the retina at the back of the eye and keep things nice and sharp= retinal image |
| What are the two types of visual receptor cells in the retina? How many of each? | Rods (125 million- movement and dim light + cones (6 million- colour and sharpness) |
| We can pass light through a single cone and calculate the spectral absorption of different wavelengths, this is called? | Microspectrophometry technique |
| What theory states that we have 3 types of cone receptor? | Trichromacy theory |
| Name the colour that each wavelight length is sensitive to.... short, medium, long | Short- blue, Medium- Yellow/green, Long- Orange/red |
| 2 pathways within the retina? | Magnocellular (M) pathway most sensitive to movement, input from rods Parvocellular (P) pathway most sensitive to colour and fine details, input from cones |
| How does information move from the eye to the visual cortex | optic nerve and tract and the lateral geniculate nucleus (part of the thalamus) |
| V1 is then split into two streams, these are? | Dorsal Stream •“How” stream •M pathway •Motion processing Ventral Stream •“What” stream •P pathway •Form and colour processing |
| Name the parts of the brain associated with the dorsal and ventral streams? | Dorsal- parietal and ventral- Infero-temporal cortex |
| Name the things that v3, v4 and v5 process | v3- form V4- colour, v5- motion |
| Who came up with functional specialization and what does it say? | (Zeki, 1993, 2001)- different cortical areas are specialised for different visual functions. Assumes colour, form and motion are processed seperately |
| What happens if you give someone Achromatopsia (lesion their v4)? What does this tell us in relation to zeki's theory? | Impaired colour perception, motion and motion intact, however not everyone is the same |
| Name an experiment that gives evidence for functional neuroimaging | Goddard et al., 2011- black and white clips of a film, activates v4 for colour clips |
| Whos research suggests that our system is tuned to code specific feature characteristics? Describe it | Hubel & Wiesel, 1962- recording of cats visual cortex • Identified cells that responded selectively to stimuli moving across the visual field with a particular orientation |
| Deciding which features belong together and form objects was advanced with the help of which branch of psychological thinking? | Gestalt- The whole is more than the sum of its parts |
| Name factors that influence how we decide which features belong together and form objects | Figure ground segregation, proximity, symmetry, continuity, similarity, uniform correctedness |
| 'Of all the possible ways of interpreting a display, we opt for the simplest and most stable shape or form' is what? | law of prägnanz |
| How do we know that object recognition is fast? | Thorpe et al (1996) ERP experiment • Image presented for 20 ms - “Animal present?” judgment |
| Which cells in the visual cortex respond to HIGH spatial frequency and LOW spatial frequency information? | LOW SF processed via FAST magnocellular pathway HIGH SF processed via SLOWER parvocellular pathway |
| Name a supporting study for high and low SF | Categorisation study (Musel et al., 2012)- How fast can you identify outdoor scenes. Blurred to sharp was fastest. So low SF is processed faster. |
| What are the two types of visual agnosia? | -Apperceptive= deficit in perceptual processing -Associative= perceptual deficit is not primary (i.e., can copy images fine) |
| Name an influential cognitive model of object recognition by Selfridge and Neisser (1960) | Template Matching Theory |
| Name 3 evaluation points for the Template Matching Theory | Would require huge computational power Only works in restricted scenarios (can't cope with novel stimuli) Looser versions of the TMT have been successful for computer vision for restricted tasks |
| Name the 4 categorical levels of recognition | Super-ordinate, basic, subordinate, unique exemplar |
| Name a couple of studies that show innate preference for faces in babies | Johnson (91)- paddle study Meltzoff & Moore, 1977, 1983)- imitate facial expression |
| Name the thing these parts of the brain correspond to: -Inferior occipital gyri -Superior temporal sulcus (STS) Lateral fusiform gyrus | Inferior occipital gyri = Early processing Superior temporal sulcus (STS) = Changable aspects of faces Lateral fusiform gyrus = Identity |
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