5303706
Description
Flashcards by Hailie Marie Ile, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hailie Marie Ile
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Manualized Treatment | -treatment outlined in standardized format -rationales, goals, and techniques for each phase |
| Stages of Change | 1. Pre-Contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination |
| Therapeutic Alliance | Relationship b/w therapist & patient *IMPORTANT 4 CHANGE |
| Skill Building/Competency | -Therapist=Educator -Promote self-efficacy -Facilitate mastery experiences -Non specific like hope & belief |
| Expert Role | -Expert knowledge about psychological problems -Competency/training -Maintaining equal respect |
| % of psychs who use EBTs | 2/3 or 66.6% |
| Chambles & Hollon (1998) | -Random groups -Control -Placebo -Alternative treatment option -Reliable/valid -Efficacious level |
| Criticisms of Meta-Analysis | -garbage in, garbage out -apples and oranges -publication bias |
| Effect Size | # value, or % of s.d. -indicates size between group differences |
| Meta-Analysis | quantitatively combining several studies to measure the effect of the VARIABLE |
| Results of Consumer Reports Study | -improvement in most -those who felt worse saw most improvement -equal imp. with psychotherapy alone vs. psychotherapy + meds -longer treatment more effective, all types |
| Efficacy | -must show significant reduction in levels of DYSFUNCTION -INTERNAL validity (effi) -standardized -more homogeneous participants |
| Effectiveness | -Treatment option -External validity (effe) -Real world testing -might have CONTROL group |
| Intervention | -inducing change via producing RELATIONSHIP -achieve underlying POTENTIAL |
| Pros and Cons of Manualized Treatment | Pros -Guideline -Research-based Cons -No leeway -Undermining of clinical judgment -No multiple diagnosis (comorbid) |
| Psychic Determinism | a major assumption that holds that everything one does has meaning and is goal-directed (Freud, unconscious motivations) |
| ID | (birth, unconscious, inaccessible) PLEASURE, attain gratification of needs, wants |
| Ego | mediate demands of ID and Superego, cope with real world, REALITY |
| Superego | MORALITY, develop conscience, block impulses |
| 3 Types of Anxiety | 1. Reality: anxiety springs from real danger in the outside world 2. Neurotic: fear that id’s impulses will be expressed unchecked and lead to trouble from environment 3. Moral: fear that one will not conform to the standards of conscience |
| Psychosexual Stages | 1. Oral: mouth most important (birth-18 mos) 2. Anal: attention on urination and defecation (18 mos-3 yrs) 3. Phallic: sexual organs become source of gratification (ages 3-5) 4. Latency: lack of overt sexual activity (ages 5-12) 5. Genital: mature expression of sexuality (adolescence to adulthood) |
| Purpose of Defense Mechanisms | To defend the ego |
| Repression | banishment of highly threatening material from consciousness |
| Regression | return to a stage that previously offered gratification |
| Reaction formation | unconscious impulse consciously represented by its behavioral opposite |
| Projection | unconscious feelings attributed to another person |
| Displacement | redirecting unacceptable impulses to a non-threatening target |
| Denial | insisting things are not the way they seem |
| Sublimation | channeling unacceptable instincts into socially desirable activities |
| Free Association | patient must say everything w/out censorship, believed to shed light on unconscious thoughts and urges |
| Dream Analysis | reveal nature of the unconscious |
| Latent Content | symbolic meaning of a dream, can be used to discover unconscious wishes |
| What are "Resistances?" | behaviors that prevent unconscious material from reaching consciousness |
| List some resistances | -less engagement -omitting/censoring information -cancelling or arriving to appointments late -acting out -intellectualization: patient strips experiences of their emotional content |
| Transference | patient reacts as if therapist represents an important figure from childhood -positive or negative feelings |
| Counter-transference | therapist transferring unconscious internal conflict onto the relationship with the client |
| Interpretation | method by which the unconscious meaning of thoughts and behavior is revealed; most important technique |
| Purposes of Interpretation | -designed to open up the patient to new ways of viewing things -interpretations offered over time by building upon patients own comments -less is more; don’t want to overwhelm patient, small dosages best |
| Central Concepts of Short Term Psychodynamic Theory | 1. Past experiences influence current functioning 2. Affect and the expression of emotion 3. Therapeutic relationship 4. Facilitation of insight 5. Avoidance of uncomfortable topics (transference) 6. ID of core conflictual relationship themes |
| Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) | 1. Brief, insight-oriented therapy 2. Focuses on the connection of clinical problems and interpersonal problems 3. Used with depressive disorder, substance abuse, bulimia 4. Alleviates symptoms by improving relations with others 5. 3 phases (see notes) |
| Carl Rogers | -Originally a child clinician -Phenomenology -Client Centered Therapy |
| Phenomenology | an individual’s behavior is completely determined by his or her phenomenal field, or everything that is experienced by the person at any given point in time |
| Phenomenal Field/Self | =me o Subjective self-experience, self-concept o Probs occur when phenomenal self is threatened o Adjusted individuals incorporated threatening experiences into their self-concept |
| Principal Condition (of Client-Centered) | -Complete absence of threat to self -Rationale for atmosphere of client-centered therapy -warm, accepting, non-judgmental |
| Basic assumptions and tenants of Client Centered Therapy | -Self actualization -emphasis on uniqueness, on the self -experiences must be incorporated into self-concept -growth potential |
| Empathy (CCT) | -understanding -genuine, deep regard -basis for therapeutic relationship |
| Unconditional Positive Regard (CCT) | -respect as a human being -complete lack of judgment |
| Congruence (CCT) | -expression of behavior, feelings, or attitudes stimulated by client -clients respond favorably to genuineness -open honesty |
| Attitude Vs. Technique (CCT) | -State of mind, not a set of techniques -Non-directive, allow for client self-discovery -Self-fulfillment and health emphasized over destructive nature -Experience over empirical |
| Therapeutic process IS: | acceptance, recognition, clarification |
| Therapeutic Process IS NOT: | advice & info, reassurance & persuasion, questioning & interpreting |
| Diagnosis (CCT) | -Deemphasized/avoided -Impedes autonomy and self-actualization -Focused on feelings themselves, not whether feelings are “correct” |
| Stages of CCT | Stage 1 -Unwillingness to reveal self -Own feelings not recognized Stage 2 -Some description of feelings -Still remote from self Stage 3 -Free flow expression of self -Questioning of construct validity Stage 4 -Free description of feeling of self -Loosening of personal constructs -Beginnings of self responsibility Stage 5 -Free expression & acceptance -Desire to be what one is Stage 6 -Acceptance of feelings, no denial -Risking relationships & acceptance Stage 7 -Experiencing self fully -Little incongruence -Checking validity of experience |
| Pros of CCT | Pros -Self determination over biological determination -Freedom of choice -Equal client/therapist standing -Less emphasis on the past -Shorter durations -81% of adult clients report reduction of symptoms and overall increase of well-being |
| Cons of CCT | Cons -Therapists can’t affect change; client inner potential “released” -Too intuitive? -Influence of therapist’s personal framework -Lacking empirical proof of superiority -Effectiveness potentially limited for less verbal, lower intellect clients |
| Origins of Existential Therapy | Search for a meaning, philosophically rooted, social context, inevitable choices, moving away from conformity |
| Goals of ET | responsible decision making, self-awareness, accepting responsibility |
| Techniques of ET | not emphasized, client not an object, therapy as an “encounter” or experience, questioning leading to realization, learning to focus on what is troubling and search for meaning |
| Fritz Perls (Gestalt) | o Emphasis on immediate experience and the present o View person as a whole o Preoccupation with the past or future is deemed source of dysfunction, anxiety |
| Gestalt: Key aspects and techniques used | o Therapist as a catalyst for change o Now=Experience=Awareness=Reality o Nonverbal clues o Defenses as layers o Emphasize the responsibility of the client |
| Rules for Gestalt | always present tense, communication between equals, “I” not “it”, the immediate experiences, no gossip, discourages questions |
| Moral precepts of Gestalt | live now, live here, stop imagining, stop unnecessary thinking, direct expression, aware of pleasant and unpleasant, rejection of others “should” and “oughts”, taking responsibility, surrendering to what you really are |
| Emotion Focused Therapy | -Integration of Gestalt and client-centered therapy -Emotions are fundamentally adaptive and give our life experience its value, meaning, and direction -Emotional self-regulation necessary for personal growth -Dysfuntion=result of emotional impairment -Therapist provides supportive environment so patient can explore and transform emotional states |
| Pros of Humanistic-Existential Therapies | -Experiences and awareness paramount -Choices and free will emphasized -Focus on the now -Positive growth -Emphasis on therapeutic relationship |
| Cons of Humanistic-Existential Therapies | -Over emphasis on feelings -Phenomenal field is unique and hard to measure -Assessment de-emphasized -Techniques vague -Lack of comparative research |
| Origins of the Behavioral Approach | -Clinical work with study of human behavior -Scientific emphasis -De-emphasis of inferred variables |
| Classical Conditioning | the process by which an organism learns to associate two paired stimuli |
| Operant Conditioning | the process of changing a behavior by following a response with reinforcement/punishment |
| Systematic Desensitization | Reciprocal inhibition |
| SORC | -S=Stimulus factors which occur before target behavior -O=Organismic variables relevant to target behavior (client background) -R=Response or target behavior -C=Consequences of target behavior |
| Procedures of Systematic Desensitization | o History of problem o Determining treatment o Assessing appropriateness o Briefing o Relaxation training o Development of anxiety hierarchy |
| Relaxation Techniques | o Muscle tensing then release o Possible use of hypnosis o Breathing exercises |
| Creating an Anxiety Hierarchy | o Difficulties identified o Ordered by anxiety level o Low to moderate to extreme o Relaxation practiced at each level of hierarchy |
| Counterconditioning | the substitution of relaxation for anxiety |
| Extinction of behaviors | when the patient repeatedly visualizes anxiety-generating situations but without ensuing bad experiences, the anxiety responses are eventually extinguished |
| - In-vivo versus fantasy exposure therapy - Flooding versus gradual exposure | lookup |
| Origins in Psychodrama | -Therapeutic emotional release -ID root of patient problems |
| Shaping | attempts at a desired behavior are rewarded until it is achieved |
| Time out | removal of patient from environment in which unwanted behavior is reinforced |
| Contracting | agreement between patient and therapist specifying consequences of behaviors |
| Grandma's Rule | desired activity reinforced by allowing the individual to engage in a more desirable activity |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Approach | -Modify thought patterns -Empirically supported -Social learning theory -Sense of self-efficacy -Active process |
| Types of Modeling | o Observational learning o Used often to eliminate unwarranted fears o Videotape modeling o Written instructions |
| How to use modeling effectively | o Subject attends to model o Patient retains the information provided by model o Patient performs modeled behavior o Motivation to use behavior |
| Rational Emotive Therapy | -Beliefs (B), Activating events (A), Consequences (C), Therapists as a teacher; correct “illogical” thinking |
| Rational Restructuring / Cognitive Restructuring | -Relabeling of situations, more realistically -Modifications of the internal “self-talk” -Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) |
| Cognitive Distortions | -Identify Automatic Thoughts -Identify Cognitive Distortions -Arbitrary inference -Overgeneralization -Personalization -Absolutistic, Dichotomous Thinking -Awfulizing/Horribilizing -Low frustration tolerance -“Shoulding” and Musturbation -Dispute the automatic thoughts -Develop rational rebuttal to automatic thoughts |
| Beck's CBT | -Utilizes cognitive & behavioral methodology -Modify dysfunctional patterns |
| Beck's Techniques | -Increase pleasurable activities -Cognitive rehearsal -Assertiveness training/role playing -Identify maladaptive, auto thoughts -Challenge these -Search for alternative solutions or ways of coping |
| Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) | -Used primarily with borderline personality disorder (BPD) |
| Four Skills Training Modules (DBT) | -Mindfulness-to be aware of the moment, focused, nonjudgmental -Emotional regulation-IDing and dealing with emotions -Distress tolerance-learning to cope with stress -Interpersonal effectiveness-how to deal with conflict, get needs met, say no to unwanted demands |
| Pros of DBT | -Efficacy, efficiency, evidence based, breadth of application, scientist practitioner (clinical scientist model) |
| Cons of DBT | -Linking practice to science, inner growth, manipulation and control, do these effects generalize to real-world clients? |
| Manifest Content | what actually happens in a dream |
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